Managment Class and Self-Awareness for Team Membership Case Study

Managment Class and Self-Awareness for Team Membership - Case Study Example On the other Mia is willing to analyze other’s work and only bring out the change by taking corrective measures if necessary. 2. Carver is more inclined towards lower wanted to control (wC) and high expressed control score in FIRO-B analysis. Also, he likes to take control and finds delegation difficult with being very competitive as well. He is a loner who likes to rebel against the controls imposed on him whereas Mia has high expressed and wanted control which makes her like structures and procedures while recognizing authorities of others. Craver further has a higher internal locus of control and perceives the high activity as a precursor to success (Mindtools, 2013b). A simple example can be his argument with his boss in which he believes that he single-handedly increased company’s sales and only same approach can produce results. He is highly achievement-oriented along with being arrogant and a strong want to control everything. Mia has a moderate locus of control which makes her a believer in personal skills and influence of external environment. She believed that corrective measures needed to be taken in Chinese franchise should include standardization as well localization and in order to convince her Chinese manager, she traveled to China herself instead of maintaining a virtual communication. When analyzed about tolerance of ambiguity, Carver shows complexity out of other dimensions (Tyran, n.d). He undertook several projects that required fast and quality results and presented better product like than his competitors. Mia, on the other hand, shows novelty on the scale of tolerance of ambiguity. She lacked international exposure however while meeting her manager in China, she had a certain comfort level with the situation in hand. After comparing Carver and Mia’s personalities  on the scale of MBTI testing, it is evident that Carver is a Mastermind (INTJ) who is introverted, logical and highly attentive towards details whereas Mia is a Supervisor (ESTJ) which makes her a strong believer in rules along with having preference for tried methods (Myers et al., 1998).  

Politics and Society Essay Example for Free

Politics and Society Essay â€Å"There was an old bastard named Lenin Who did two or three million men in. Thats a lot to have done in But where he did one in That old bastard Stalin did ten in.† ― Robert Conquest[-0] According to the historian Robert Conquest, Joseph Stalin gives the impression of a large and crude claylike figure, a golem, into which a demonic spark has been instilled. He was nonetheless a man who perhaps more than any other determined the course of the twentieth century. Any adult inhabitant of this country, from a collective farmer up to a member of the Politburo, always knew that it would take only one careless word or gesture and he would fly off irrevocably into the abyss. (The Gulag Archipelago, vol. 2, p Fear by night, and a feverish effort by day to pretend enthusiasm for a system of lies, was the permanent condition. (Conquest, The Great Terror: A Reassessment, According to some reports, entire groups of men were taken in one swoop by the NKVD. Almost all the male inhabitants of the little Greek community where I lived [in the lower Ukraine] had been arrested, recalled one à ©migrà ©. Another reported that the NKVD took all males between the ages of seventeen and seventy from his village of German-Russians. In some stories, the police clearly knew they were arresting innocent people. For example, an order reportedly arrived in Tashkent to Send 200 [prisoners]! The local NKVD was at its wits end about who else to arrest, having exhausted all the obvious possibilities, until it learned that a band of gypsies (Romany) had just camped in town. Police surrounded them and charged every male from seventeen to sixty with sabotage. In the city of Zherinka, Ivan Ivanovich had his wife sew rubles [Soviet currency] into his coat because the NKVD was taking all the men in his town. (Thurston, Life and Terror in Stalins Russia, 1934-1941

Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management Essay -- Tourism Hospita

The need for high-quality leaders in the hospitality industry has been readily recognised and is seen as critical to the long-term well-being of the industry. In recent years, the industry has undergone something of a sea change in its gender composition, with increasing numbers of females graduating from hospitality and tourism management courses. This suggests that the gender composition of managerial ranks is likely to change in the medium term, with concurrent changes in the typical leadership style valued in the industry. This article seeks to explore and quantify the differences in gender-based perceptions of leadership styles and outcomes in the hospitality industry. Using the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire (MLQ; Bass & Avelio, 1995), a well-established self-administered instrument, the researchers used a "snowballing" technique to recruit a self-selected sample of 264 hospitality employees. These employees work in a variety of sectors in the hospitality industry, includ ing large international-style hotels, small franchised motels, food and beverage operations and contract catering, and at levels ranging from junior staff to senior property and site managers. The data indicated that despite their similarities, there were a number of subtle but significant differences between males and females in terms of the behaviours used and the extent to which various behaviours contributed to successful leadership outcomes, One potentially confounding result was the high emphasis placed upon the "contingent reward leadership style" by females and may be explained by the female's desire for clear, open and transparent communication. More generally, the differences between males and females were manifested in the form of the males placing greater emphasis on "confronting" and "sporting" leadership styles while the females placed greater emphasis on leadership styles which are built upon clear and concise communication and a greater focus on personal consideratio n for the team members. However, these subtle differences warrant further investigation--possibly using a more holistic approach-such as a 360 degree assessment or semi-structured interviews. ********** This study sought to explore and quantify the differences in gender-based perceptions of leadership styles and outcomes in the hospitality industry. Leadership studies in the hospitality industry ... ...use, R.J., & Shamir, B. (1993). Toward the integration of transformational, charismatic and visionary theories. Leadership theory and research perspectives and directions (pp. 81-107). New York: Academic Press. Howell, J.M., & Avolio, B. (1993). Transformational leadership, transactional leadership, locus of control and support for innovation. Key predictors of consolidated business unit performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 891-902. Manning, T.T. (2002). Gender, managerial level, transactional leadership and work satisfaction. Women in Management Review, 17(5), 207-216. Tejada, M.J., Scandura, T.A., & Pillai, R. (2001). The MLQ revisited. Psychometric properties and recommendations. The Leadership Quarterly, 12, 31-52. Tracey, J., & Hinkin, T.R. (1994). Transformational leaders in the hospitality industry. Cornell Hotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, 35(2), 18-24. Correspondence Paul Whitelaw, Senior Lecturer, School of Hospitality, Tourism and Marketing, Faculty of Business and Law, Victoria University, PO Box 14428, Melbourne, Vic 8001, Australia. Email: Paul.Whitelaw@vu.edu.au Paul Whitelaw and Romana Morda Victoria University, Australia

The Effects of Wyoming’s Aging Population Essay -- Economics Age Econo

The Effects of Wyoming’s Aging Population With new medical technology and improved knowledge about health and wellness, American’s life expectancy is longer than ever, with a better expected quality of life as well. Wyoming is the fastest aging state in the country according to the Billing’s Gazette. In addition to an already aging state, Wyoming has been named by national publications as a top place of retirement due to its tax structure and climate. In an article from the Wyoming Tribune-Eagle, it is predicted that by the year 2020 Wyoming will have the highest percentage of residents over the age of 65. With the rapidly rising elderly population, Wyoming faces many challenges and difficulties in its future. One of the most apparent challenges Wyoming faces will be the additional costs and economic effects brought on by the baby-boomer generation. During an average person’s lifespan, they tend to borrow money when they are younger, as they begin to start their own lives and jobs. Once they are more economically independent, around middle-age, they begin to pay off their debts and save for retirement. Wyoming’s concerns rise when retirees begin to sell their assets and dig into their savings to finance their retirement. What worries economists is the negative impact on the economy that a loss in overall savings may have. James Poterba, an economist from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology also worries about the housing market. The baby-boomer generation has bought houses as investments towards retirement. If they all try to sell at the same time, Poterba worries about a possible slide in the housing market (Economist, 04). Another concern to Wyoming is Medicare costs... ... older. That number is predicted to increase to 20% in a little over a decade. Wyoming faces many challenges ahead concerning its aging population. Top issue to the state will be increased Medicare expenses, economic effects of the baby-boomers savings and spending, and the question as to who will replace the older generation in Wyoming as younger generations move out of state. It is up to Wyoming to start preparing right now. The state must prepare for these costs and also try to focus on how to gain benefits from an aging statewide population. Works Cited A Future Meltodwn? Economist, Vol.372 Issue 8391, p72-72. Retrieved March 26,2006, from EBSCO Host Database Inman, K. & Mcleod, D.M. (2002). Property Rights and Public Interests: A Wyoming Agricultural Lands Study. Growth and Change, p323-336. Retrieved March 26,2006, from EBSCO Host Database

Work harrastment

In this article It talks about work harassment. Safe working environment Is very Important to achieve strong Industrial relationship and productive. To achieve such a working environment, it is important to ensure that the workplace is free from all forms of discrimination, including harassment. Everyone in the workplace can be very vulnerable to various forms of harassment, including sexual harassment and intimidation. Any and all forms of harassment in the workplace will be detrimental to all parties.For workers, It can lead to deterioration of performance, which in turn oppresses the level of productivity and affect the welfare of all workers and their families. Employee turnover rate Increases and low productivity have the potential to affect the economic competitiveness of the factories concerned. Harassment in garment factories has been highlighted as raising concerns by international activists and appears on the main headlines in the international media.Violations as well as r umors about various issues of workplace harassment can have a serious impact on the relationship between plant and International buyers are aware of the reputation. That Is what concerns us together to create a positive working environment through the prevention of workplace harassment. Nevertheless, reports of harassment in the workplace remains scattered wide. In particular, many cases of workplace harassment that seems to happen in the garment industry.This is probably caused by a variety of reasons, such as the presence of the number of young working women in large numbers, the inexperienced, and come from rural areas under the supervision of a small number men, high levels of production pressure and disciplinary practices nuanced violence. There are several ways to prevent sexual reassessment in the work place, such as: 1 . Communication: colonization of the guidelines through, for example, Bipartite Cooperation, Tripartite Cooperation Institution, and a variety of print and el ectronic media 2.Education: organizing orientation programs and the introduction of the staff, religious lectures, or special events such as events that have been programmed. 3. Training: provide specific training for supervisors and managers to recognize the problems that exist In the workplace and develop a diverse strategy for prevention: establish Harassment Settlement Response Team. 4. Encourage companies to implement workplace reassessment prevention, 5. Including taking disciplinary action in the form of: Company Policies Employment Agreements / Company / Collective Bargaining Agreement Dissemination of policies and mechanisms preventing harassment to all employees and supervisors are important. In order to meet all the need for communication, the employer must establish a program in which employees and supervisors can get educated about abuse. So in the end, all parties must have a heightened awareness of sharing how to create a productive work environment that Is free from harassment.The central government and local governments should ensure that all many policies regarding harassment for large, medium, small and accessible and available to all employers. In the meantime, employers should provide information about abuse in orientation programs, as well as education and training for workers. The union should also include information about harassment in educational programs and training for its members. Article 2 Article two is talking about Corporate Social Responsibility, it states clearly in the title of the article.CARS or corporate social responsibility recently becomes a prominent issue among national and multinational business. The program is intended as the company's efforts to participate in the process of sustainable development in which there is expected to be a balance between the company and the social environment in the place or society it operates. Social and environmental issues are considered so seriously that causes urge to the interna tional world for corporate social responsibility.Examples responsibilities can be furious, ranging from activities that can improve the welfare of society and the improvement of the environment, provision of scholarships for children that not able to pay for school, the provision of ends for the maintenance of public facilities, donations to the village / community facilities that are social and useful for many people, especially people who are around the company is located. Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) is the phenomenon of corporate strategies that accommodate the needs and interests of its stakeholders.CARS arises from the era in which awareness of the long-term sustainability of the company is more important than profitability. From the article I can say that in today's world, Corporate Social Responsibility is very important to the company. In the article it says that â€Å"Research conducted by Cone Millennial Cause group, detailed in The 2020 Workplace found that 80 % of a sample of 1,800 13-25 year olds wanted to work for a company that cares about how it impacts and contributes to society. More than half said they would refuse to work for an irresponsible corporation.What's more, according to research conducted in The 2020 Workplace, by the year 2020, Millennial will be 50% of the workforce. † This Corporate Social Responsibility can be advantages value for the company, they can easily persuade more good employees to work with the company, also they can easily locate ND people will feel no worry about their home's environment when the company operates. The company can use the media boom to communicate their CARS efforts to the society. However, CARS becomes a common practice among companies that nowadays people pay less attention to it.There are some tips that companies can do in order to implement CARS effectively. Use CARS to boost employee engagement is the first tip, Implementing Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) is important t o either requiting new employees and maintaining the existing workers in the company, ninety six percent (96%) of the employees agreed that being able to contribute to a cause while employee is work improve employee's commitment and level of engagement to employee's core Job function and to the company. The second tip will be to utilize CARS as a medium to enhance global aptitudes.In the company, engagement can make employees more happy and productive, but in the research, employee's contribution to Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) teaches workers valuable new skills that they bring back to their regular roles for the company, which gives company more benefits. Maximize company's investment in CARS by leveraging all forms of social media will be last tip, today's Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) s no longer corporate philanthropy but it is strategic investment for the organization and it needs to be communicated with all company's stakeholders such as investors, employee s, and customers.CARS must become part of company's recruitment strategy to attract top talent. Article 3 In the article 3, it talks about employee abuse, in American employee abuse percentage is rising from time to time, no longer are workers respected and treated as human beings. Even those most educated and skilled are treated in the bad way. Quite surprising that twenty percent of the employees admit that they work actually bootable by their manager, bullying in the work place begins to be a common and thirty seven percent of the worker have experienced it.Over 50% of employers admitted to incidents of workplace bullying with 25% of all HER employees admitting to being bullied themselves. What more surprising is, research finds that are more technically skilled than their bullies, Bully bosses steal credit from skilled targets. Policy to prevent workplace violence: 1 . Zero tolerance The company follows a policy of zero tolerance for violence. If workers do any form of workplace violence, or threatening violence in the workplace, then workers can immediately dismissed. There is no tolerance for talk of violence or Joking about violence. Violence† includes physically hurt on someone, pressing, pushing, harass, intimidate, coerce, brandishing weapons, and threatening or told to do all the activities mentioned above. The purpose of this policy is to ensure that anyone associated with this business, including employees and customers, never felt threatened by actions or deeds any employee. 2. Safety measures in the workplace In an effort to meet the commitment to create a safe working environment for employees, customers and visitors, there are some simple rules that have been published.The rules are: Access to the property is restricted only to those companies who have a legitimate business interest. All employees and employee vehicles entering the property must show company identification. All visitors and vehicles and visitors must report to show ident ification while on the property. 3. All weapons are prohibited Company specifically prohibits the mastery of weapons by any employee while on company property. This ban includes keeping or carrying a weapon in a vehicle in the parking lot, both public and private parking.Employees are also prohibited from arraying weapons while providing services to companies outside of the building and the company page. Weapon in question including firearms, knives, explosives, and other objects that could potentially cause harm. Appropriate disciplinary action, up to and including termination, will be taken against employees who violate this policy. 4. Report abuse Prevent violence in the workplace is everyone's business in the workplace. You can help report what you see in the workplace that could indicate that your teammates are in trouble.You are in a better position than management in terms of knowing hat happens to those who work with you. 5. Examination Desks, phones, and computers are the b usiness property. We reserve the right to enter or inspect your work environment, including but not limited to, desks and computer data storage disks, with or without notice. Fax machine, copier, and a system of correspondence, including email, only intended for business use. Private business should not be run through the system.

International Marketing Essays

International Marketing Essays International Marketing Essay International Marketing Essay Chapter 4 1. Culture- The human made part of human environment the sum total of knowledge, beliefs, arts, morals, laws, and customs and any other habit adopted by a society. Social Institutions- This Includes all factors that have an effect on the way people relate to each other example schools, media, and governments. Culture Values- The system of believes held by a people in a given culture. Ritual- A pattern of behavior performed in a set manner. Linguistic distance- The measure of differences between languages. Aesthetics- The creation and appreciation of beauty. Cultural Sensitivity- A awareness of a country’s nuances so the culture can be viewed objectively. Cultural Borrowing- This is when a culture takes an idea from another culture to solve problems. Cultural Congruence- A marketing strategy in which products are marketed in a way similar to the norms of that culture. Planned change- A marketing strategy where the company goes out to change the elements which are resisting against the product. 2. What role does a marketer play as a change agent? The use of a new product causes cultural change so the marketer becomes a change agent. 3. Discuss the three cultural change strategies a foreign marketer can pursue. 4. Culture is pervasive in all marketing activities. Discuss. Culture has massive impact on everybody. It even affects the way we sleep and eat. A marketer must understand this and build his product based on the culture makeup 5. What is the importance of cultural empathy to foreign marketers? How do they acquire cultural empathy? Cultural empathy is very important to marketers in order to understand the market and able to predict the future of the market. The best way to acquire this empathy is going back to the origins. 6. Why should a foreigner marketer be concerned with the study of culture? A foreigner marketer should be concerned because of the profits to be made. 7. What is the popular definition of culture? Where does culture come from? The most popular definition for cultural is common believes rituals, etc. between groups of people. The four main causes of a culture the geography, history, technology and political economy, and social institutions. 8. Members of a society borrow from other countries to solve problems that they face in common. What does this mean? What is the significant to marketing? 9. For the inexperienced marketer, the similar but different aspects of culture create an illusion of similarity that usually doesn’t exist. Discuss and give examples. An inexperienced might assume that because two cultures share the same language so they have similar cultures. This is obviously not the case like we see by Americans and British even though we share the same language we are still very far apart. 10. Outline the elements of culture as seen by an anthropologist. How can a marketer use this scheme? The elements of a cultural are values, rituals, symbols, beliefs, and thought process. Understanding these can bring great benefit to a marketer. 11. Social institutions affect culture and marketing in a variety of ways. Discuss give examples. One of the social institutions is family. In many cultures it is deeply rooted to have boys. In those cultures there is a higher boy ratio. This obviously gives the market a different dynamic. 12. Markets are the result of the three way interaction of a marketer’s effort, economic conditions, and all other element of a culture. 13. What are some of the problems caused by language in foreign marketing? If a marketer doesn’t have the right communication skills this will be a major problem for the marketer

Expository Essay Sample on Human Trafficking What Is the Situation Today

Expository Essay Sample on Human Trafficking What Is the Situation Today For thousands of years people have been buying and selling human beings. From the Pharaohs of ancient Egypt, the ancient Babylonians, Grecian and Roman empires, slavery has been practiced in most nations of the world. In the 16th to the late 18th century, slavery was an accepted part of the economic life of western nations. In the New World, the plantation owners in Virginia and other states used slaves brought from Africa to work their fields. William Wilberforce moved for its abolition in England and the empire in 1833. However, whilst it stopped as a legal practice, it did not stop. What is the situation regarding human trafficking today, and what are the causes of its existence? 1. What form does it take today? The definition of the UN on human trafficking is detailed, but it mainly falls into 3 groups. Humans are trafficked for use as labor, sexual exploitation with harvesting of organs being another smaller group. It involves recruiting, kidnapping, transfer and sale of such persons. Exploitation must include sexual exploitation forced labor or removal of organs. 2. How extensive is it? According to US state department Laura Lederer, human trafficking is the third largest criminal activity worldwide. It is only exceeded by illegal drug and arms trafficking. It has become a criminal industry worth $32 billion a year. 3. Who are the traffickers The traffickers are criminals; however, because of the nature of the industry most do not fit the stereotypes. At the top are the criminal bosses. However, down the line it might be a person who gives a young girl accommodation, or drives her to a destination. What they have in common is they make money from doing these things, which are essential to get the victim to the point of sale. Then come the direct criminals, who knowingly buy and exploit the victims. 4. Who are the victims The victims can be anyone. Much of it starts with fraud, or in civil war situations. For example, a girl in Thailand is recruited as an au pair in South Africa. On arrival her passport is removed, she is locked in a house and forced to work in a brothel, either by threat or violence. Young women in civil war areas like the Baltic region of Europe are kidnapped and forced into sex work. These sex workers are put in brothels, on the streets, in rich men or women’s mansions, and kept as sex slaves. Their owners exploit them sexually, and keep any money earned from prostitution. Others are offered passage to another country, and guaranteed work. They gladly accept however when they arrive they find they are slaves. Most are smuggled into the country, do not know the language, kept locked up and used to do labor, from farming, sewing, house cleaning. They get no pay and work at the will of their owner(s) who keep the money they should have earned. The only thing they have in common is they usually are vulnerable members of society. They are often runaways, have unstable abusive homes, and no employment. 5. What is being done to stop it? The United Nations opened a bureau dedicated to combating this problem. Most responsible governments are recognizing the problem and legislating it into criminal law. However, the problem is complex and huge. The International Labor Organization suggests 20.9 million victims are in forced labor, and other statistics estimate millions are involved in sexual exploitation. 6. What is the major problem faced? Lack of awareness is a major stumbling block. If a woman working on the streets approached a police officer saying she was forced into drug addiction and prostitution, she is as likely to be arrested rather than rescued. What is clear is that slavery whilst abolished has not stopped. Writing tips on exploratory essays about human trafficking: Exploratory essays ask questions to gather and share information on the topic. It is not necessary to find answers. Introductions for exploratory essays are broad, as you are making an inquiry into a topic, not proving a thesis. Present the topic and the questions you will ask. State your research question clearly state what you want to discover, and why. Identify the issue, its causes and other factors. Identify decision makers and other interested parties. You do not have to supply solutions as the paper is for the purpose of identifying the problem.

Therdbo Landslide essays

Therdbo Landslide essays It was 11.40pm, on the 30th July 1997, 4 years ago, that it all came tumbling down. Most awoke thinking it was a fighter jet or a small explosion. They went outside to see what was happening and instead of a fighter jet, it was a 100 tonne landslide coming towards two of the lodges. Down a 40-degree slope and into the 4 story Carinya lodge pushing it 100 metres downhill into the Bimbadeen lodge. This slide had 19 people trapped and killed 18 of those 19, there was one survivor, Stuart Diver, a 21 year old ski instructor. It is believed that his fitness helped him survive the ordeal. He survived 65 hours trapped under 2 metres of cement slabs from the lodges. A map of Thredbo Village from 1965 clearly showed there had already been a serious landslide in that area. Ms McColl, QC, assisting the coroner, said there had been 4 serious landslides over 20 years. She also said that the land around the lodges would remain stable only if kept dry and yet a water pipe line was built with no apparent permission. It is said that the landslide consisted of one of the lodges being built on unstable ground, as was the main road, Alpine Way. But the most likely, a leaky water pipe had triggered the slide. Reports by Thredbo Rangers and engineers had already warned the unstability of the land, while special geological devices had detected movement months before the slide had occurred. In 1984 a company called Kosciusko Thredbo Pty. Ltd. began digging a trench along Alpine Way with the intention of installing a water pipe. The Carinya lodge constructed on 1964 had been built without planning approval and in spite of warnings that the site was unsafe. The major consequence of the landslide is the fact that 18 people died. Stuart Diver has to live the rest of his life knowing that he was the only survivor of the tragic slide and that his wife and friends were killed in the slide that he survived. One of ...

Modernity versus Westernization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Modernity versus Westernization - Essay Example Modernity is the concept by which there is a discontinuation of the past from the present. This discontinuity arises from social and cultural changes which occur through progress or decline. The premise is life in the present is different from life in the past. This is a view held globally and clashes with tradition which stipulates that the present is a continuation of the behaviour and events of the past and continue to be repeated. Modernity is viewed as a problem since it challenges and replaces the traditional way of life. It results in alternatives and unmanageable changes and that the present is merely a period of transition and is not directed towards a specific future goal. The changes happening at the present and in which will happen in the future are seen as products of forces beyond our control. Modernity presents a vast selection of alternatives such as in lifestyle and historical possibilities. In contrast, traditional culture offers the present a certain number of alte rnatives. The proliferation of alternatives is often seen as a threat to tradition and efforts are made to limit these alternatives.Westernisation is a form of modernity. There is discontinuity between the past and the present. However, there occurs a specific phenomenon in westernisation wherein traditional societies come under the influence of western culture. Western culture permeates and influences industry, technology, politics, law, economy, lifestyle, values, religion, and almost every niche and aspect of society. It had accelerated its influence throughout the world these past few centuries. It is related to the process of acculturation wherein changes happen within a society or culture when two different groups come into constant and direct contact with each other. The result are changes in the cultural patterns of one or both groups. In the case of westernisation, the changes in cultural patterns occurs in native societies as they come into contact with western cultures an d are exposed to their influences. B. Religion and social movements Many studies have shown that religion helps to mobilize resources for groups and organizations that are engaged in democratic movements or safeguard the interests of marginalized sectors. It provides much needed social capital and democratic skills that are requisites in democratic participation. As political alternatives and political discussions happen in civil society, religion provides sustaining support to it. Christian Smith's "disruptive religion" takes notice of the "religious assets for activism", many being cultural assets. His work shows that religion is important in social protest. His study on U.S. religious resistance to counterinsurgency activities in Central America gives insight on the moral outrage which served as the basis for "insurgent consciousness". Smith showed how certain individuals were made receptive to mobilization with religion moulding their sensibilities such that their violation results in outrage. Religious networks also made people "subjectively en gageable" to mobilization. Smith sees people as moral beings who try to create their lives out of external tensions and divisions (Wood 1995). Many of the changes that have occurred worldwide these past four decades can be attributed to or in part effected by religion. Many religious leaders have not only served as proponents or initiators, but have paid dearly with their lives. Religious nationalism has become active these recent decades, connecting religious convictions with the population's political and economic destiny. Many nationalist movements have incorporated the revival of traditionalist religious doctrines in their national identity and leadership. Among the strongest forces in religiously influenced social movements is Islamic nationalism which has influenced both national and international politics. The encroachment of western influence into the Muslim world during the 19th century spurred movements seeking the restoration of

Edit Scholarship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Edit Scholarship - Essay Example Over the past two years, I worked overseas in Kuwait and Iraq. Working for the U.S Department of State and the Department of Defense as a medic. My job responsibilities include, helping set up base hospitals, clinics, as well as direct projects related to public health and safety. In December 2012 my contract in Iraq ended and I had to leave my job due to the de-scoping of the State Departments Mission overseas and came back home. Not having a stable job, I have had difficulties financing my college education. It has been tough most of the times and I have been discouraged to the point of wanting to discontinue my education to make ends meet. I strongly believe that receiving this scholarship will help me concentrate more on my studies. Working in the Middle East I gained competencies in setting up and managing public health services. As well as doing inspections, teaching basic medical care to military, civilian, and contract personnel. I was able to lead group rescue efforts despite challenges in language barrier. As part of community involvement, I joined the International Zone (IZ) Medical Society which was involved in helping improve diplomatic relations between other embassies located in the IZ in regards to medical care in Iraq. Over the next year and a half I hope to finish my Bachelor of Science in Homeland Security. It is my intention after completing my degree, to make a career change from a medical career to that of law enforcement. I realize that such a transition will definitely come with challenges. This is in respect to the fact that I am more familiar with the medical environment. My experience overseas has taught me the importance and need to not only serve but also protect others. I am hoping with my degree I can fulfill my desire to serve others as well as protect them and my country. I am excited and looking forward to the new opportunities and growth experiences it will provide for my future. The scholarship provides me with a

Marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Marriage - Essay Example Moreover, the arguments against same-sex marriage almost exactly track the arguments against interracial marriage, which shows that the evolution of marriage should go in the same direction – just as interracial marriage is accepted by the majority of people, so should same-sex marriage be. The History of Marriage   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The history of marriage, of course, would be the topic of a much longer discourse, so this section will only review the pertinent aspects of heterosexual marriage which impact the arguments for and against gay marriage.   Fox-Genovese (49) traces the history of marriage, stating that marriage began as a relationship between families, tribes and clans, as opposed to uniting individuals.   Marriage was transformed, however, into a right to enjoy certain benefits and privileges, along with community approval and recognition.   Fox-Genovese (50) begins her analysis of marriage by stating that Adam and Eve were created an d ordered to be fruitful and multiply, which was the basis for this original union.   In the Old Testament, women suffered greatly, as their husbands took concubines and fathered children with many other women.   At that time, marriage was mainly about families and tribes, not about the individuals themselves.   This motivation continued in pre-modern societies, as primitive groups, such as Hebrew tribes, used marriage as a way to strengthen their house.   Marriage was also typically used as a political solidification practice, as ruling families used marriage to strengthen their political rule.   Therefore, for most of millennia, marriage has been a pragmatic institution, not based upon love, but, rather, based upon economics and power consolidation.   This is shown by the pragmatics of marriage in consolidating power, and is also shown by dowries and bride prices, in which the potential husband literally paid for the privilege of marrying his future wife (Fox-Genovese, 53).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Throughout these historical eras, women were subjected to patriarchy.   The man ruled the home, and, at least in the Old Testament cases, was able to take on multiple wives, concubines and lovers without censure.   Fox-Genovese (60) states that this patriarchy was lessened, somewhat, towards the end of the 19th Century, as women gained more equality in and outside the marital unit.   Eventually, marriage evolved from its pragmatic status to one that is more egalitarian and ostensibly based upon love.   Marriage is no longer merely a way to solidify power, or a way to gain economically. It is now considered to be a sacred bond between two people in love. The emphasis is now on personal happiness, not economics, power and social ties (Fox-Genovese, 61).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Fox-Genovese (62) makes the case that marriage, historically, has been based upon practical concerns, and these concerns do not nec essarily focus upon what anti-gay marriage advocates insist are at the core of marital unions – the family and procreation.   Marriage has traditionally been based upon economic, social and political concerns, which seem to undermine the arguments against gay marriage. Another sound argument which is based upon an analysis of heterosexual marriage, which profoundly undermines the current bias against

Reincarnation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reincarnation - Term Paper Example It guarantees to proceed with one's presence in further lives and therefore having a replenished opportunity to accomplish liberation. Another real explanation for accepting resurrection by such a variety of individuals today is that it appears to clarify the distinctions that exist among individuals. Some persons are solid, others are tormented their entire life by physical imperfections and weaknesses. Some people are rich, others are at the edge of starvation. Some individuals have life success and self-realization without being religious; others are followed by losses, disregarding their religious devotion. As reincarnation is bonded with karma, which stresses cause-and-effect relationships and their outcomes; it becomes an ultimate tool for punishment or rewards. The classical paradigm of the rebirth was figured in India, however absolutely not sooner than the ninth century BC, when the Brahmana texts were created. After the Upanishads plainly characterized the idea between the seventh and the fifth century BC, it was received by the other critical Eastern religions which started in India, Buddhism, and Jainism. Because of the spread of Buddhism in Asia, the resurrection was later received by Chinese Taoism, yet no sooner than the third century BC (Valea). The concept of reincarnation is central in Hinduism. Its understanding could not be reached avoiding recognition of the nature of samsara – which is a circle of lives. The liberation from samsara is an ultimate goal of human life, it is called moksha.

History of Twitter write a well researched paper on the evolution, Research

History of Twitter write a well researched on the evolution, current status and future trends for the New Media topic you have selected - Research Paper Example Barely into its fifth year, Twitter registered users are already currently estimated to be in the hundreds of millions and its revenues to be in the billions of dollars. Indeed, Twitter is a successful story worth telling and following. In 2006, a software engineer named Jack Dorsey approached Odeo, a media syndication company, to discuss his ideas of creating a â€Å"real-time status-communication platform with a social spin† where one could share and simply broadcast to others just about anything from gossip to simple thoughts. Biz Stone, the founder of Odeo, liked the idea and Dorsey’s proposal was declared as a side project of Odeo. It was decided that the SMS platform of mobile phones would be ideally suited for the project and a maximum of 140 characters, short of the 160 characters-limit of SMS text messaging, should be used as the broadcast limit (Thomases, p. x; Sagolla, p. xvii). Dorsey’s idea was a breath of fresh air to Odeo, which was at that time having a difficult time selling its latest technology Audio Blogger to users because of the stiff competition posed by such heavyweights as Apple Corp. The company decided it had to reinvent itself and Dorsey’s social networking microblogging idea was seen as an opportunity after it was presented in a day-long brainstorming of Odeo technocrats. Dorsey, Biz and Florian Weber went on to hammer out the prototype model of Dorsey’s proposal while the others continued with the usual company business to make sure that if Dorsey’s idea fails the company has something to fall back on (Sagolla p. xviii). The prototype was built in two weeks and the service was first tested by Odeo personnel and other insiders such as their immediate family members. It was entirely web-based and the first messages, which were broadcasted by Dorsey, were â€Å"waiting for dom to update

Reincarnation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reincarnation - Term Paper Example It guarantees to proceed with one's presence in further lives and therefore having a replenished opportunity to accomplish liberation. Another real explanation for accepting resurrection by such a variety of individuals today is that it appears to clarify the distinctions that exist among individuals. Some persons are solid, others are tormented their entire life by physical imperfections and weaknesses. Some people are rich, others are at the edge of starvation. Some individuals have life success and self-realization without being religious; others are followed by losses, disregarding their religious devotion. As reincarnation is bonded with karma, which stresses cause-and-effect relationships and their outcomes; it becomes an ultimate tool for punishment or rewards. The classical paradigm of the rebirth was figured in India, however absolutely not sooner than the ninth century BC, when the Brahmana texts were created. After the Upanishads plainly characterized the idea between the seventh and the fifth century BC, it was received by the other critical Eastern religions which started in India, Buddhism, and Jainism. Because of the spread of Buddhism in Asia, the resurrection was later received by Chinese Taoism, yet no sooner than the third century BC (Valea). The concept of reincarnation is central in Hinduism. Its understanding could not be reached avoiding recognition of the nature of samsara – which is a circle of lives. The liberation from samsara is an ultimate goal of human life, it is called moksha.

Professional Responisbility Ethics Research Paper

Professional Responisbility Ethics - Research Paper Example And the Attorney, after reading the draft prepared by the Legal Assistant, decides whether the firm would handle the case, and then the attorney decides the settlement range, strategies, and ultimately finalizes the settlement. The information regarding case strategies are conveyed to the client by the Legal assistant. In addition, the legal assistant interviews witnesses, and negotiate settlement number with the insurance company. According to Canon 3 EC 3-2 of the ABA Model Code of Professional Responsibility, the sensitive variations in the considerations that bear on legal determinations often make it difficult even for a lawyer to exercise appropriate professional judgment, and it is therefore essential that the personal nature of the relationship of client and lawyer be preserved. As a result, the American Bar points out that a competent professional judgment requires trained familiarity with law and legal processes, and an analytical approach to legal problems. Admittedly, Att orney can claim that the Legal Assistant was a law student and had considerable amount of experience in handling such cases. However, the American Bar Association reminds that a non-lawyer, despite some experience, is not governed by the same rules in matters of integrity or legal competence as an attorney is. That means, despite the great degree of skills and experience of the Legal Assistant, the legal assistant cannot be entrusted such tasks which are to be done by the Attorney. However, there are disputes regarding as to what constitutes the practice of law. It is, in fact, difficult to explain in concrete terms what constitutes legal practice. However, the mere fact is that people go to a lawyer when they are in need of a professional legal judgment (EC 3-5). If this is the case, it becomes evident that Attorney has blatantly violated the ethical codes as Attorney does not directly interact with the clients. The initial interview is solely handled by Legal Assistant without any supervision of Attorney. Thereafter, it is the Legal Assistant who makes a draft of the complaint for the Attorney to read. Purely based on this report, Attorney decides if she would take up the case. That means, the clients are denied their right to listen to the legal opinion of a lawyer regarding the matter. It is pointed out in EC 3-4 that lay people who seek legal services are not in a position to judge if they will receive proper professional attention. Also, legal matters are very serious matters that involve confidences, reputation, property, freedom, or even life of the client. So, when a person approaches Attorney with such serious legal matters which are highly confidential and demanding, it is highly improper to permit a non-lawyer to handle the issue even without supervision. In addition is the fact that such non-lawyer assistants, despite experience and skills, are not subjected to the regulations of the legal profession. Admittedly, EC 3-6 provides an even clearer vi ew of the situation. According to the guideline, if a lawyer wants to delegate a task to a clerk, secretary, or any other lay person, the lawyer must ensure direct relationship with his client. Now, going back to the case study, it becomes evident that Attorney does not keep any relationship with his clients at all. The attorney does not allow direct interaction or consultation, and lets the Legal Assistant conduct the initial intervie

Video Game and Gadget Essay Example for Free

Video Game and Gadget Essay The young and trendy generation of today judge themselves, according to the kind of gadgets they posses. The popularity of gadgets among youth has ensured that newer and trendier gadgets are introduced very passing day. The addiction of gadgets has been such among one and all that it has become unthinkable of a life without a gadget. The effect of these gadgets has been tremendous, and it is often debated that whether the impact that it has made on the youth is a positive or negative one. Video Games and Computer games can be listed as the gadget which has influenced the youth the most. Several researches indicate that these games can have a positive effect on the youths mind. However sometimes it may cause terrible changes in behaviors. It was seen that playing video games or computer games actually help the young people in concentrating much better. There are games which require you to use your brains and those games may indeed prove to be helpful. Also it was seen that it has a very good impact on the motor skills and spatial skills of todays youth. However these games may also result in the child getting absolutely isolated from the society. There is a tendency to get engrossed in the games, and forget everything else. Also there are chances that they might tend to confuse between the virtual world and real world. When you are using a gadget like a video game it is important to remember that whatever you are doing is going on in the virtual world. It would be nothing short of foolery in trying to emulate those things in the real world. Gadgets like computers or video games may turn to be very addictive. This is another worry as because these things are meant to be past times, and never should it be preferred over family or social commitments. Thus it is important to remain aware of your responsibilities while using your favorite gadget. MP3 players another popular gadget that has found its feet among the youth also has its pros and cons. It may soothe your soul when you are doing nothing, or even doing some work which is less intensive. Listening to music may also help to concentrate better at times. However listening to music for long periods of time in a high volume, may cause hearing problems in the near future which is extremely dangerous. Chapter I: The Problem And its Background Introduction: Dealing with the impact of modern gadgets on our lives weather we like it now, electric appliances and gadgets have occupied a major position in our daily lives. Though they were invented to make life better for us the first place it is an undeniable fact that many of the gadgets have negative effects and influence upon the quality of our lives in some ways. As we cannot live without them in this modern world and they are a necessarily evil, we have to find ways to reduce the negative impact of those modern appliances. A gadget is a device or appliance having a unique purpose and function. At the time of invention a gadget is often way ahead of its peers in terms of novelty and uniqueness. This is what makes them so desirable and â€Å"cool†! The top ten that change the world are debatable. Nevertheless, popular choices would be television, camera, movie camera, microwave oven, video cassette, video recorder, video gaming consoles, sony’s walkman, IBM’s personal computer (PC) and the first cellphone released in 1996 by Motorola. The latest â€Å"addicting† gadgets include superior versions of DVDs, smart phones, camcorders, laptops, Ipods and Iphones, the blackberry, PCs, computer notebooks, pedometers, ultra slim â€Å"luxury† phone, nyko’s zoom (gaming gadget), earbuds from iFrogs, JBL on Beat Air from apple, T lights, onlive (cloud-based gaming system), SWIVL, ego mac edition portable hard drive, blackberry playbook ballistic etc. The study done by Carnegie Mellon University found that spending one hour a week on the net led to an average increase of 1 percent on depression scale, a loss of 2.7 members of the net users’ social circle and increase of 0.4 percent on the loneliness scale. Statement of the Problem I .What is gadget? a. What year gadget invented? b. Who invented gadget? c. What is the famous gadget? II. How do we get addicted to gadget? a. What is effect of gadgets in everyday living? b. What will you do if your family get addicted to gadget? c. How Gadgets helps you? III .What is the effects of gadget? a. Can gadgets helps our academic achievements? b. How to get rebel by using gadget? c. How does gadgets helps youth in their academic achievements? Hypothesis The researcher believes that gadgets have a big effect. especially to the youth who spend most of their time using gadgets. Gadgets may lead to laziness in studying among youth and start addiction to it. according to youths. Gadgets is just a past time and a way to know more friends. Significance of the study Gadgets youths has a big effect on them, especially on their academic achievements. It may also affect their health status and social relations. To prevent addiction there are some remedies. First the parents should limit their youths by using gadgets. They may also make an agreement about the maximum time that their children could play only. The youths may also help themselves if they want to. Studying is the best help they can give to themselves. Discipline themselves in using gadgets. Scope and limitation of the study this study is all about on the advantages and disadvantages of effect of gadgets on youths academic achievements and their lives. it will also tackle the effects of gadgets among youth and why they are being addicted to it. The possible health problem they may encounter is also included on this study. Definition of Terms: A.) Gadget- The origins of the word gadget trace back to the 19th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there is anecdotal evidence for the use of gadget as a placeholder name for a technical item whose precise name one cant remember since the 1850s; with Robert Browns 1886 book Spunyarn and Spindrift, A sailor boy’s log of a voyage out and home in a China tea-clipper containing the earliest known usage in print. The etymology of the word is disputed. A widely circulated story holds that the word gadget was invented when Gaget, Gauthier Cie, the company behind the repoussà © construction of the Statue of Liberty (1886), made a small-scale version of the monument and named it after their firm; however this contradicts the evidence that the word was already used before in nautical circles, and the fact that it did not become popular, at least in the USA, until after World War I. Other sources cite a derivation from the French gà ¢chette which has been applied to various pieces of a firing mechanism, or the French gagà ©e, a small tool or accessory. B.) Youth- It is an alternative word to the scientifically-oriented adolescent and the common terms of teen and teenager. Another common title for youth is young person or young people. Youth is the stage of constructing the Self-concept. The self concept of youth is influenced by several variables such as peers, lifestyle, gender and culture. It is this time of a persons life which they make choices which will affect their future. C.) Gizmo- something unspecified whose name is either forgotten or not known; she eased the ball- shaped doodad backinto its socket;there may be some great new gizmo around the corner that you will want to use. D.) Device- . Any machine or component that attaches to a computer. Examples of devices include disk drives, printers, mice, and modems. These particular devices fall into the category of peripheral devices because they are separate from the E.) Widget- Widget is a generic term for the part of a GUI that allows the user to interface with the application and operating system. Widgets display information and invite the user to act in a number of ways. Typical widgets include buttons, dialog boxes, pop-up windows, pull-down menus, icons, scroll bars, resizable window edges, progress indicators, selection boxes, windows, tear-off menus, menu bars, toggle switches and forms. F.) Apparatus- a group or combination of instruments, machinery, tools, materials, etc., having a particular function or intended for a specific use: Our town has excellent fire-fighting apparatus. Dicussion The origins of the word gadget trace back to the 19th century. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, there is anecdotal evidence for the use of gadget as a placeholder name for a technical item whose precise name one cant remember since the 1850s; with Robert Browns 1886 book Spunyarn and Spindrift, A sailor boy’s log of a voyage out and home in a China tea-clipper containing the earliest known usage in print.The etymology of the word is disputed. A widely circulated story holds that the word gadget was invented when Gaget, Gauthier Cie, the company behind the repoussà © construction of the Statue of Liberty (1886), made a small-scale version of the monument and named it after their firm; however this contradicts the evidence that the word was already used before in nautical circles, and the fact that it did not become popular, at least in the USA, until after World War I. Other sources cite a derivation from the French gà ¢chette which has been applied to various pieces of a firing mechanism, or the French gagà ©e, a small tool or accessory. The October 1918 issue of Notes and Queries contains a multi-article entry on the word gadget (12 S. iv. 187). H. Tapley-Soper of The City Library, Exeter, writes: A discussion arose at the Plymouth meeting of the Devonshire Association in 1916 when it was suggested that this word should be recorded in the list of local verbal provincialisms. Several members dissented from its inclusion on the ground that it is in common use throughout the country; and a naval officer who was present said that it has for years been a popular expression in the service for a tool or implement, the exact name of which is unknown or has for the moment been forgotten. I have also frequently heard it applied by motor-cycle friends to the collection of fitments to be seen on motor cycles. His handle-bars are smothered in gadgets refers to such things as speedometers, mirrors, levers, badges, mascots, c., attached to the steering handles. The jigger or short-rest used in billiards is also often called a gadget; and the name has been applied by local platelayers to the gauge used to test the accuracy of their work. In fact, to borrow from present-day Army slang, gadget is applied to any old thing. The usage of the term in military parlance extended beyond the navy. In the book Above the Battle by Vivian Drake, published in 1918 by D. Appleton Co., of New York and London, being the memoirs of a pilot in the British Royal Flying Corps, there is the following passage: Our ennui was occasionally relieved by new gadgets gadget is the Flying Corps slang for invention! Some gadgets were good, some comic and some extraordinary. By the second half of the twentieth century, the term gadget had taken on the connotations of compactness and mobility. In the 1965 essay The Great Gizmo (a term used interchangeably with gadget throughout the essay), the architectural and design critic Reyner Banham defines the item as: A characteristic class of US products––perhaps the most characteristic––is a small self-contained unit of high performance in relation to its size and cost, whose function is to transform some undifferentiated set of circumstances to a condition nearer human desires. The minimum of skills is required in its installation and use, and it is independent of any physical or social infrastructure beyond that by which it may be ordered from catalogue and delivered to its prospective user. A class of servants to human needs, these clip-on devices, these portable gadgets, have coloured American thought and action far more deeply––I suspect––than is commo nly understood. Chauncey and Omar Lopez very really wonder what makes up an iPhone, Kindle Fire, Samsung Galaxy Tab or any other Apple, Microsoft or Sony gadget but can’t really wrap your head around the amount of destruction required to take these pricey tools apart? Then, you are going to love iFixit. Channeling the inner naughtiness of geeky gadget lovers out there, these guys in iFixit crack open, rip apart, and teardown the archipelago that makes up the innards of any device they can get their hands on. Thanks to them, we are able to witness the inner beauty of our beloved gadgets without disassembling our own. Gadgets and machines have become an integral part of our lives. What would we do without them These gizmos are like a necessary condition now which make our lives complete. However, we must keep in mind that everything has its own limit otherwise it can become a cause for concern and in extreme cases, fatal. Market of devices and gadgets seems to be flooded with production. Day in and day out new technologies appear in front of us. If one has bought the latest mobile phone or laptop etc then he does not have much time to feel proud on that because the next day there would be much more superior device than that in the market. This is one of the reasons of addiction. There are many inventions developed every day. Most of them are useless or would have limited application in real life. While these may seem â€Å"cool†, they will not make a dramatic impact in our lives. Out of the rough though, a few gems could always be found that could really lead to breakthroughs. Educational technology has become increasingly commonplace in classrooms, and Congress has spent billions to give schools access to technology and online learning opportunities. But research on the effectiveness of using educational technology has lagged behind technologys growth. In 2001, Congress mandated that the U.S. Department of Education conduct a scientific study of the effectiveness of using educational technology to answer the following questions Many people focus on the negative effects of these games and fail to see the opportunity for learning and growth. According to Raise Smart Kids: â€Å"The Good and Bad Effects of Video Games† there are several positive effects that come from spending time playing video games. Most games do not teach kids math, history and other subjects, however, they do provide students indirect opportunities to learn principles that can help them in their academic pursuits. Certain types of video games can help train kids to follow instructions as well as helping them develop their problem solving and logical thought processes. These skills translate directly to the classroom as students are asked by teachers to complete tasks and are presented problems that require them to use logical problem solving skills. Kids can also learn inductive reasoning and hypothesis testing. Games will often present them with a situation that needs to be solved and this causes the kids to have to develop problem-solving techniques. Before purchasing a video game a parent should talk with a representative at the store to see what the overall premise of the game is to see if it includes elements that will help build these aforementioned qualities. Although there are some positive effects that are possible form video/computer game use there are mostly negative effects. Several professors conducted a research project to determine the effect of gaming on academic performance. According to the Australasian Journal of Educational Technology: â€Å"Gaming Frequency and Academic Performance† individuals who spend two or more hours playing games on a daily basis score lower in every subject than their non-gaming counterparts . By spending a high percentage of time on video games there is not enough time left to spend in studying for classes. The study found that there was â€Å"not a single significant positive correlation between gaming and academic performance.† According to a list of statistics produced by Media Family: â€Å"Effects of Video Game Playing on Children† roughly 97 percent of kids played video games in 2008. In 2006 45 percent of kids were regular gamers, which means that they played for two or more hours on a daily basis. The high number of kids shows the importance of learning to choose games that will help strengthen and push the intellect of the child playing.

The Rethinking Of Public Spaces Cultural Studies Essay

The Rethinking Of Public Spaces Cultural Studies Essay Public Space seems like an obvious and straightforward term, denoting areas where anyone-the public- might go. Yet we use the term not so much to signify everything that is not private space; we use it to imply space that has been deliberately created as a public amenity, space that has some deliberate public use, be it ceremony, recreation, celebration, or commerce. Public space, in this sense, is functional. Understanding of public spaces, which is focused on the making of places for people. Moreover, it focuses on design as the process of making better places for people than would otherwise be produced. This definition asserts the importance of four themes; First, it stresses that design is for and about people. Second, it emphasises the value and significance of place. Third, it recognises that design operates in the real world, with its field of opportunities constrained and bounded by economic (market) and political (regulatory) forces. Fourth. It asserts the importance of design as a process. Peter Buchanan argued that urban design was essentially about place making, where places are not just a specific space, but all the activities and events that make it possible. The report demonstrates how a strategic approach can be developed to channel resources in a coherent way to transform the built environment. It shows how uncluttered and joined up public spaces can be built to promote civic values and commercial competitiveness, and how public space can bring people together for a positive, shared experience of urban living. Public spaces are those that derive a unique identity from the buildings, structures, and landscaping that encloses them and gives them form. Their identity is also derived from the people that occupy the buildings and spaces and the uses they put to them to. These spaces are of various shapes, sizes and functions. They often include trees and other landscaping, but crucially they are all an integral part of the built form of the city. They perform an architectural function because they relate to surrounding buildings through their design and use. As building density increases so too does the need for public open space and the need for considerate neighbours. Public spaces can provide visual relief and recreational open space with a density developed area, and it can also serve to promote standards in public behaviour. If people are to be aware of the complexity and variety of the society they are a part of, and if they are to appreciate notions of civic identity and respect for others, there must be a place where they can occasionally see and experience a diverse cross section of that society. When people can actively participate in life within the public realm, they learn how to conduct themselves within it. This is especially important for developing ideas about citizenship. By simply standing in a lively public space, where different age groups and different members of society are gathered together, there is a shared experience that evokes a positive sense of participation. If the design, implementation, and management of new public spaces are undertaken through a partnership approach that engages with local people, urban character and social cohesion can be strengthened. These spaces can then contribute to a richer mix of facilities that attract both local people and visitors, and can help to make a city more competitive in attracting mobile investment within the global marketplace. It is helpful to understand why these spaces have been developed by different communities through history, and to establish the demands that these spaces have been expected to satisfy. Historical analysis can help to establish a theme that such spaces have been developed to address through the ages, such as the need to provide a population with a place for festivals or with a symbolic focal point that reinforces their collective identity. An understanding of the past can often inform the present and indicate how the future mite unfolds. The people and markets in these vast urban areas are interconnected as never before, especially due to advances in information technology. The spread and mixing of peoples has resulted in cities with people from a variety of ethnic backgrounds, ideologies, faiths, and income groups. The results have led to diversity and opportunity but also to tension and fear. A degree of acceptance between people has been necessary for peaceful coexistence in many cultural diverse urban areas. Perhaps a notion that we have more in common than separating us has supported this. It is often peoples identification with a city itself that helps to serve as a bridge between cultural differences. This can be seen in Beirut in Lebanon, where reconstruction works are providing new public places that are bringing together people who are previously separated by civil war. Such places reinforce a collective identity and sense of belonging throughout a diverse urban population. The design of public space is especially important in bringing people together and in creating a shared experience of a city. I write about the influence of public space on the cultural life and values of urban society. How well used public spaces can strengthen the collective consciousness of the urban population. The characters of such spaces are made up of the following design aspects: Character: a place with its own identity Continuity and enclosure: a place where public and private spaces are clearly distinguished Quality of the public reclaim: a place with attractive and successful outdoor areas (i.e. areas which are valued by people who use them or pass through them) Ease of movement: a place that is easy to get to and move through Legibility: a place that has clear image and is easy to understand Adaptability: a place that can change easily Diversity: a place with variety and choice The analysis can begin to show how spaces can be developed to model all of these aspects, especially because they contain intensive interactions between people, buildings, and surroundings. GLOBALIZATION AND INCREASED DIVERSITY: With increasing globalization this trend has intensified. Two countervailing processes are occurring. Large numbers of people are moving from developing countries to more developed regions to obtain better jobs and education and increasingly use the public spaces of the city. Yet while the macro environment is becoming more diverse because of increased flows of immigrants, differences in local population growth rates, local environments are experiencing increased vernacularization and homogeneity immigrant enclaves are growing in the city, and gated communities are developing in the suburbs and edge cities. One way, is to make sure that our urban parks, beaches, and heritage sites those large urban spaces where we all come together remain public, in the sense of providing a place for everyone to relax, learn, and recreate. CULTURAL DIVERSITY IS GOOD FOR: Ulf Hannerz (1996) suggests that the value of diversity is so entrenched in the contemporary discourse about culture that it is difficult to reflect clearly on it. So he offers what he calls his seven arguments for diversity to make the point that there are many basic reasons to consider cultural diversity important to our lives. He includes many of the points, arguing that cultural diversity is important because it provides: The moral right to ones culture, including ones cultural heritage and cultural identity; The ecological advantage of different orientations and adaptions to limited environmental resources; A form of cultural resistance to political and economic domination by elites and power asymmetries and a way to counteract relations of dependency; The aesthetic sense and pleasurable experience of different worldviews, ways of thinking, and of other cultures in their own rights; The possibility of confrontation between cultures that can generate new cultural processes; A source of creativity; and A fund of tested knowledge about ways of going about things. (Hannerz 1996, 56-57) Attention to cultural diversity also leads to community empowerment, expanded citizenship, and the involvement of people in the governance and maintenance of their neighbourhoods and workplaces. It expands the notion of individual rights of citizenship to include the survival of ones culture and/or cultural group, and the marking of its importance in the landscape. Also to add that creativity from cultural contact and interaction flows from cooperation as well as from working out solutions to conflicts and confrontation. Therefore, cultural diversity utilized effectively and honestly, leads to more democratic practises and peaceful relationships between people within a locality especially if all groups are treated equally with respect for their needs, desires, and adequate space and resources for work, home, and recreation. VALUE AND NATURE OF PUBLIC SPACES: Public space is the stage upon which the drama of communal life unfolds. The streets, squares, and parks of a city give form to the ebb and flow of human exchange. These dynamic spaces are an essential counterpart to the settled places and routines of work and home life, providing the channels for movement, the nodes of communication, and the common grounds for play and relaxation. There are pressing needs that public space can help people to satisfy, significant human rights that can be shaped to define and protect, and special cultural meanings that it can best convey. These themes to be explored and developed in this report, reveal the value of public space and lay the groundwork for improved design and encourage interactions. In all communal life there is a dynamic balance between public and private activities. Within this balance, different cultures place differing emphases on public space. How public spaces can be made to serve human needs, from passive relaxation, through active engagement with others, to discovery of unknown worlds. Public space will be seen to convey meanings, from those that reinforce personal and group life to those that challenge the accepted world view of the culture and open the mind to new insights. There are three primary values that guide the development of our perspective: we believe that public places should be responsive, democratic, and meaningful. Responsive spaces are those that are designed and managed to serve the needs of their users. The primary needs that people seek to satisfy in public space are those for comfort, relaxation, active and passive enagement, and discovery. Relaxation provides relief from the stresses of daily life and both active and passive engagement with others promote individual well-being and community. Public spaces can also be a setting for physically and mentally rewarding activity, such as exercise, gardening, or conversation. It can be a place for discovery of self or others, a step into the larger world. Visual and physical contact with nature and plants can also result in important health and restoration benefits for people. Democratic spaces protects the rights of user groups. They are accessible to all groups and provide for freedom of action but also for temporary claim and ownership.A public space can be a place to act more freely than when under constraints of home or workplace. In most settings one can temporarily lay claim to a piece of turf even when one does not own it. Ultimately, public space can be changed by public action, because it is owned by all. In such spaces, people learn to live together. Meaningful spaces are those that allow people to make strong connection between the place, their personal lives, and the larger world. They relate to their physical and social context. These connections may be to ones own history or future, to a valued group, to ones culture or relevant history, to biological and psychological realities, or even to other worlds. A continuously used public space with its many memories can help anchor ones sense of personal continuity in a rapidly changing world. By the build-up of overlapping memories of individual and shared experience, a place becomes sacred to a community. These values can incorporate the public space motivations. For instance, they define public interaction. visual and environmental motives come into play in satisfying peoples need for active engagement , discovery, and meaning. Public space values must grow out of an understanding of why people got o such spaces, how they actually use them, and what they mean to their users overtime. The existence of some form of public life is a prerequisite to the development of public spaces. Although every society has some mixture of public and private, the emphasis given to each one and the values they express help to explain the differences across settings, across cultures, and across times. The public spaces created by societies serve as a mirror of their public and private values as can be seen in the Greek agora, the roman forum, the new England common, and the contemporary plaza, as well as Canalettos scene of Venice. Throughout history, communities have developed public spaces that support their needs, whether these are markets, places for sacred celebrations, or sites for local rituals. Public spaces often come to symbolize the community and the larger society or culture in which it exists. Although there are vast differences in the forms of communal life across societies, public life has been an integral part of the formation and continuation of social groups. Public places afford casual encounters in the course of daily life that can bind people together and give their lives meaning and power. It also offers relief from the stresses of work, providing opportunities for relaxation, entertainment, and social contact. People can discover new things and learn from others. It has the potential of bringing diverse groups together so that they learn from each other, perhaps the richest quality of a multiclass, multicultural, heterogeneous society. It also serves as a social binder on the scale of a groups history and culture. We can take encouragement from the increasing consciousness of the value of positive public life experience and the efforts of many to ensure that such opportunities continue and increase. Many recent events have fostered their awareness the consumer movement, the work of public space activists, and the advocates for parks, local gardens, and other community spaces. It leads to increased beneficial contacts between different cultural groups and greater tolerance and understanding is much to be desired. It is towards a rich, diverse, and open public life that we should be striving. EVOLVING PUBLIC SPACE: Against the historical backdrop of public life, public spaces have arisen out of many different forces. Some were the consequences of the creeping encroachment of a society bent on finishing and filling up spaces, especially in urban areas. Some were the products of heterogeneous society with many different needs, interests, and aesthetics. Others were products of a desire for careful planning, whatever the priorities guiding their forms and functions. I define public spaces as open, publicly accessible places where people go for group or individual activities. While public spaces can take many forms and may assume various names such as plazas, malls, and playgrounds, they all share common ingredients. They are formed by at least two different processes. Some have developed naturally that is an ad hoc way without deliberate planning through appropriation, by repeated use in a particular way, or by the concentration of people because of an attraction. Each of these results in a plac e that accommodates people for specific purpose and becomes, over time, a site that people rely on to meet, relax or interact. These spaces also enable people to connect with others, to affiliate in some way with other people. Some users may seek specific activities hoping or certain that they will be available in a site. These may be bicyclers going to use paths in parks, people going to the beach to sun or swim, or the elderly in search of a bench. The intensity and nature of the activity may vary but there is an expectation that specific experiences will be possible in the place and that particular resources will be available. PUBLIC SPACE MEANINGS AND CONNECTIONS: People need links to the world, and some are provided by the spaces they inhabit and the activities occurring within these spaces. Public spaces experiences yield meanings that accrue over time, and if these are positive meanings they will lead to connections that go beyond the immediate experience of a setting. Links are established between that place and the life of an individual, links to a valued group, to a whole culture and its history, economics, and politics, or symbolically to the universe or other worlds through a persons biological and psychological reality, through nature, through growth. a interactive place is on which, in some way appropriate to the person and her culture, makes her aware of her community, her past, the web of life, and the universe of time and space in which these are contained. In order for people to see some positive meaning in a place it must resonate with their lives and evoke patterns of use that create bonds with the space. If people see possibilities and share goals with others, their connections to that place will be enhanced. The site will be an evocative one, a place that resounds with the memories and experiences of an individual, a family, a group, or a culture in ways that connect each one to a larger entity, a group memory, or experience. While important connections can derive from an individuals personal history, they may also stem from the history of a group from an area where connections to other members enhance and shape the experience of a place. Spatial identity is largely a product of social relationships with others. These others may be loosely affiliated groups or cultural, sub cultural, or national ones. Public space meanings develop when people are able to form root in an area, when settings become important parts of their lives. This occurs when space are well suited to their surroundings both physically and socially, when they support the kinds of activities users desire, and when they engender feelings of comfort, safety, and connections to other people. Individual connections emerge in a number of ways from a persons life and personal experience, from a tradition of use of an area, and from special events in a place. These bonds are enhanced by the presence of natural elements and design features suggesting connections to the larger universe. BOOKS: WEBSITES: Lownsbrough,H. Beunderman,J. (2007).  Equally Spaced? Public space and interaction between diverse communities.  Available: http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=The+authors+of+the+report+would+like+to+thank+the+Commission+for+Racial+Equality+for+their+support+for+the+realisation+of+this+report.+In+particular,+we+would+li. Last accessed 15 April 2010. Brand,J. (2009).  Physical Space and Social Interaction.  Available: http://www.google.co.uk/search?hl=enq=Physical+Space+and+Social+Interactionmeta=aq=faqi=aql=oq=gs_rfai=. Last accessed 20 April 2010.

A Comparison between To His Coy Mistress and Sonnet 116 Essays -- Andr

A Comparison between To His Coy Mistress and Sonnet 116 The poem "To His Coy Mistress" was written in the mid 17th century by Andrew Marvell, being written in this time Marvell's poem was unable to be published as its taboo content was unfavoured by the puritans in power at the time. Whereas "Sonnet 116" by William Shakespeare was written in the late 16th century, a time of liberation and freedom for the stage and literature. Both poems are similar in theme and yet different in approach, they both pursue the theme of love although Marvell in a satirical Carpe Diem love style whereas Shakespeare in a traditional sonnet style. "To His Coy Mistress" by Andrew Marvell is about a young mans attempts to lure a woman into bed the true theme of the poem being more lust than love, the poem is in fact a parody of Carpe Diem love poetry and critiques the approach of an over eager young lover. "Sonnet 116" takes a more serious approach to the theme of love addressing the concept of eternal love "love alters not with his brief hours and weeks, But bears it out even to the edge of doom". The voice of the two poems also changes dramatically with Marvell there is an eager young lover willing to change tactics often in order achieve his goal. The voice is fickle and immature it evokes little sympathy from the reader and has rather a comic tone to it, this comic tone is highlighted by the fact that the poem is written in an iambic rhythm with four heavy stresses generally a rhythm used for comic value as it short and snappy allowing just the right amount of time for punnery and wit this effect is backed up by the poems rhyming couplets generally a rhythm used for comic value as it has a light tone to it. Shakes... ...imself merely a victim in a constant struggle to keep righteousness alive and if winning is impossible then better to lose a lot than a little "Thus, though we cannot make our Sun Stand still, yet we will make him run.". Shakespeare also ends on a rhyming couplet though this modest couplet is to lighten the serious tone "If this be error and upon me proved, I never writ, nor no man ever loved." though Shakespeare stresses that unless love is timeless and priceless and infallible it is nonexistent for Shakespeare believes there are no half measures in love. I personally enjoyed both poems though I preferred William Shakespeare's "Sonnet 116" as I feel the more serious classic approach to love makes more enjoyable reading, although the comic approach of Andrew Marvell's "To His Coy Mistress" was entertaining it did become quite tedious after a while.

Just War Theory as Applied to Operation Just Cause Essay -- American F

Since its inception as a country in 1776 the United States has carried a tainted record in conducting just operations involving regime changes to achieve the goal of timely creating a minimally just political community. For example, on one hand the U.S. has been a part of one of the most just, successful, and commendable regime changes in history when they helped defeat and reconstruct Japan and Germany after World War II. On the other hand the U.S. has been a part of one of the worst and unjust operations conducted in history involving Cuba and the Bay of Pigs invasion. Between these two extremes there are many other operations which focused on the goal to change a regime where their rightness has been called into question based on one or more aspects of the just war theory. Just war theory is explained best by author, Brian Orend, and states that, â€Å"sometimes, it is at least morally permissible for a political community to go to war and features a goal to restrain both the in cidence and destructiveness of war† (Orend, 31). One of these operations where the rightness of the invasion was called into question is Operation Just Cause. Operation Just Cause was the invasion of Panama by the United States in December of 1989. The operation was spearheaded by President George H. W. Bush and its goal was to replace the current leader of Panama, General Noriega, with the rightfully elected new leader, Guillermo Endara. Manuel Noriega had close ties with the United States throughout the years by serving as an informant and asset to the U.S. against the Soviet Union during the Cold War. His efforts included sabotaging the Soviet supported governments in both El Salvador and Nicaragua, which helped reduce Soviet control in Central America (... ... to war under jus ad bellum, the question must be answered as to whether the United States followed the principles of jus in bello, which is adhering to the right conduct in the midst of battle (Orend, 105). Jus in bello is divided into two types of rules—internal and external, and the responsibility of following these rules rests in the hands of a state’s armed forces, rather than its political leaders. Internal rules concern how a state during war should treat its own citizens, while external rules concern how a state should conduct itself in the midst of war regarding the enemy state and its civilians (Orend, 106). In assessing if the U.S. followed the principles of jus in bello, a focus will be placed on the external rules rather than the internal rules because the invasion was not a serious war and was ultimately limited to one day that was limited to Panama.

Dermaplus Analysis Essay

Based on a rigorous analysis of the data provided, this report provides details with respect to the profit-maximizing average daily production capacity for DermaPlusTM for each possible reference-based price of $50, $100, and $150 per unit identified by the consultant. The estimated expected daily profit at each price will also be provided. All unit and price values have been rounded to the nearest whole number or dollar. Information in terms of the recommended average daily production capacity in units for the next 12 months will be provided in order to set the size of the plant’s unionized workforce. The assumption is the quantity of units identified used to set the size of the workforce will maximize daily profit. A summary and recommendations to management will follow the analysis. Profit-Maximizing Average Daily Production Capacity & Expected Profit Biomed operates in a perfectly competitive market and has no degree of price setting power. In this case of DermaPlusTM, the government sets the price of the product. In order to determine the profit maximizing output in the short-run for this market, each price level provided by the consultant must be equal to the short-run marginal cost. Total profit is calculated from subtracting the combined total fixed and variable costs from the total revenue generated. Total costs are derived from the fixed cost of $9,000 in addition to calculating the average variable cost formula provided by the regression analysis multiplied by the profit-maximizing average daily production capacity calculated at each price level. The regression analysis provided by Selwyn based on the data collected is statistically significant greater than a 99% confidence level based on the p-value with a high correlation between the dependent and independent variables at 95% Refer to Appendix I for the detailed calculations for profit-maximizing average daily production capacity and expected profit. Price Level = $50 per unit If the government sets the price of DermaPlusTM at this level, BioMed’s profit maximizing average daily production capacity is 342 units. At this level of output, total revenue generated is $17,100 per day. The total cost of producing this level of output based on total fixed and variable costs is $17,349. BioMed incurs a loss of $249 per day when the price is set at $50 per unit. If the price is set at $50 per unit by the government, BioMed should still continue to produce this product if production is set at 342 units. Based on the shutdown rule, BioMed can sell at a loss for the next twelve months as the selling price at $50 per unit is greater than the minimum average variable cost of $22.47. Price Level = $100 per unit The profit-maximizing average daily production capacity at $100 per unit is 407 units. At this level of production, total revenue generated per day is equal to $40,700 with a total cost of $22,125. This level of daily production will yield a profit of $18,575. Price Level = $150 per unit At $150 per unit, the profit-maximizing average daily production capacity is 456 units. Total revenue generated at this level is equal to $68,400 at a total cost of $28,210. A profit of $40,190 per day is achieved when pricing is set at this level. Recommended Average Daily Production Capacity – 12 Months Based on Price Uncertainty The recommended average daily production capacity will be calculated using the expected price based on the probability distribution calculated by the outcome of the weighted averages. According to the consultant, there is a 5% chance of price being set at $50, a 20% chance of the price being set at $100, and a 75% chance of the price being set at $150. As a result, the price expected (Pe) based on the information from the consultant is $135 per unit. At this expected price, the average daily production capacity should be set at 442 units generating at total revenue of $59,670 at a total cost of $26,219. At this level of production, profit should be maximized yielding a total profit of $33,451.

The policy of the United States

This essay will generate the ideas of the role between border security and counter terrorism. The subcategories that will be discussed along side this theory are the lack of border security, both south of the United States and north. The policy of the United States toward immigration will also give the paper a close-up of the harm illegal aliens who are not apprehended will do, not only to the status of the economy but to national terrorism . In the emergence of a lax border security, finally, the issue of this juxtaposed with the opportunity that exists for terrorists to exploit will also be developed in the paper.In order for a more substantial argument to evolve in this paper a brief history with terrorism and border control will be argued as well as the history of the US Patriot Act and other issues in the past with the United States concerning immigration, illegal aliens, and terrorists. Since the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001, there have been many changes in the ways the United States government functions. The first act of alteration to the normal code of conduct was the drafting and passage of the USA PATRIOT Act.There are many who see this act as a bold defense against the fear of terrorism for the American public, however, a growing number of people see the changes in American governmental policy and overall attitude towards enemies and allies alike as an affront against proper American values and freedom. As Andrew Kydd and Barbara Walter explain, there is a distinct politic to the notion of terrorism. However, these tactics are not always effective. There are many events of terrorism in the world each year, yet only a handful are regarded with any merit.According to Kydd and Walter, through a well argued and insightful article, it is â€Å"the trust between groups† that must be destroyed for an extremist attack to be successful. This is the motivation behind the response to the attacks of September 11, 2001. On December 6, 2001, then Attorney General John Ashcroft addressed the Senate Judiciary Committee in praise of this act, and it’s restructuring of the NSA, CIA and FBI. (Ashcroft 524) His rhetoric was patriotic and concise, and his views of the USA PATRIOT act and its changes seemed sincere.This was supported with the passage of the United Nations Security Council Resolution 1373, which paved the road for the Patriot act itself. Eric Rosand wrote about the resolution in 2003. His response to its necessity was one of sympathy to the government, for having to face such a difficult challenge. However, not everyone who has commented on the alterations of the US governmental policy has done so with such reverence. David Cole compared the investigations into possible terrorist cells in the United States, to the â€Å"Palmer Raids† of 1919 – where, following a series of bombings, J.Edgar Hoover led a series of â€Å"round ups† of immigrants across the country and held them without trial or charge in â€Å"unconscionable conditions, interrogated incommunicado and in some cases tortured†. (529) This attitude has spread throughout the country, as the appearance of indecency has flooded the government’s handling of the terrorists investigations. Mary Jacoby brings up the question of the legal definition of â€Å"Detainee†. This is in response to the holding of prisoners at the Guantanamo Bay military base in Cuba.The prisoners of this facility have been acquired from around the world – from the war in Afghanistan, and from arrests done in dozens of countries around the world. However, the problem arises when the soldiers fighting for the Afghan military are brought in as detainees, rather than prisoners of war. While the Guantanamo prison has its apologists, such as Charles Krauthammer – who states that freeing of these men would be â€Å"lunacy† (537) – the fact remains, that in strict terms, the United States is in br eech of the Geneva Convention by holding POWs.The United States government however sees this detention as necessary. The United States also enlists other tactics involving border control. The United States since September 11 has kept a more watchful eye on the Mexican border to ensure that large trucks are not passing the borders which could hold weapons, but this seems to be the only action officials and military are taking in regards to border control according to Zagorin (2004) in The Mexican Border Will Get a Closer Look.In this article Zagorin is hard pressed to find any true action the US is taking in regards to border control and Zagorin sites many examples of how Mexico is making its own efforts to decrease the chances al-Qaeda terrorists coming into the country or leaving the country, â€Å"The Mexicans will also focus on flight schools and aviation facilities on their side of the frontier. †¦another episode has some senior U. S.officials worried; the theft of a crop- duster aircraft south of San Diego, apparently by three men from southern Mexico who assaulted a watchman and then flew off in a southerly direction†¦ a senior U. S. law-enforcement official notes that crop dusters can be sued to disperse toxic substance†¦Ã¢â‚¬ (19). In contrast to the underlying belief of the lax nature in Zagorin’s article Andreas (2003) holds a very different opinion in his article Perspective.This article gives details about the before and after September 11 border security in the United States dealing with both the Mexican and Canadian border. Prior to September 11 the United States focused its energy on deterring the flow of drugs between the borders. Thus the model by which the United States is equipped in handling border security in regards to terrorism is very juvenile in design because their previous focus has been on migrant workers and masses of illegal immigrants rather than to search a crowd and discover a few terrorists (4).Another i ssue that arises in the approach of the Mexican border is that the south border of the United States received much more attention than the Canadian border, â€Å"†¦only 334 agents were assigned to the 5,525-mile northern border compared with over 9,000 agents stationed at the 2,062-mile southern edge† (4), however, since September 11 there are an equal amount of agents patrolling both borders. Under the Patriot Act, as stated previously, the number of agents present in the Canadian border has tripled in a response to September 11.In an effort to stop terrorism, the US coastguard now stops every boat crossing the Great Lakes as well as escorts large tankers. Thus, Andreas states that these new border securities have merely taken the old ideas of drug trafficking measures and applied them to terrorism which makes for an increase of difficulty in border control (Andreas, 5). Fernando Reinares noted in his article, The Empire Rarely Strikes Back, that after â€Å"more than 2400 acts of terrorism against American citizens and interests† there have been only â€Å"three occasions of overt military response†.(Reinares 92) However, because of the incredible size and depth of impact of the September 11th attacks, war became unavoidable. There did arise a problem with the military action, however, as a growing public opinion seemed to point the target ast Islam itself, rather than just Al-Qaeda. This prompted the United States to â€Å"enlist the help of as many Islamic nations as possible† to counter act this perception. (Aretxega 143)This coalition of Islamic nations does nothing to counteract the rise in racial profiling within the United States. Sherry Colb wrote about the foreseen changes in American law enforcement following the September 11th attacks. Her article articulated the problem of racial profiling and its consequences. Cold notes that â€Å"real numbers do not support profiling†. (539) However this does not stop th e utilization of profiling in airports, or in traffic stops. However, this too has its supporters, from such sources as law professor Roger Clegg.His response to the topic of racial profiling is one of acceptance and justification. â€Å"So what? † (Clegg 542) Clegg asks of the act of profiling. However his racial make-up lends itself easily to such opinions, as an educated white male is rarely confronted for being white, educated or male. But profiling at the borders is the number one cause by which patrols see fit to apprehend an individual since they fit the profile and the Patriot Act backs up the idea of border security no matter what the cost.The changes in the United States since September 2001 have been many and wide in scope, however there is little agreement as to whether these changes are for the better – or even legal. As illustrated in these articles, the several aspects of governmental policy that have been affected by these attacks have been met with acc eptance and praise, as well as contempt and ridicule – with communicative and sincere arguments on both sides. Though, despite the eloquent nature of the arguments, they do not dissuade one from his or her own opinion.It is the learned set of moral values that create one’s opinion of the new America. The issue of border control seems increasingly to be an issue of economics and as much as the United States focuses its attention on increasing patrol, it is also obstructing trade between countries and so the lax behavior or approach in certain instances of policing and allowing immigrants to cross borders presents to the theorist that increased border control does not necessarily lead to a more protected country.In Kiely’s (2006) article GOP View, she states that the United States is more focused on illegal immigration than terrorism and using terrorism as a guise by which to exert an autocratic policing style which does not give rights to immigrants, â€Å"A bil l the House passed in December called for making illegal immigration a felony offense, punishable by at least a year in jail†¦Under the law, people who cross the border without permission are already guilty of a criminal misdemeanor.But people who enter the country legally and then overstay their visas—as many as 40% of the nation’s estimated 12 million illegal immigrants, according to Sensenrenner—are guilty of a civil violation† (1). Thus it becomes apparent that the United States is focusing more attention on illegal immigration than on terrorism since all of their efforts are geared toward this goal. Since the United States has merely adapted their approach to finding terrorists in the same fashion by which they find illegal immigrants there seems to exist a very unreliable system.The terrorists that entered the country each had different ways to travel, false papers of identification and would have been apprehended if the border security had not been as lax as they had been and since their approach to border control has not changed dramatically as a system, but merely as having more patrols and policing the gate is left open for terrorism, as The US 9/11 Commission on Border Control (2004), states, â€Å"We found that as many as 15 of the 19 hijackers were potentially vulnerable to interception by border authorities.Analyzing their characteristic travel documents and travel patterns could have allowed authorities to intercept 4 of the 15 hijackers and more effective use of information available in U. S. government databases could have identified up to 3 hijackers† (570).Since these hijackers could have been apprehended but were not, and the government has only increased the number of patrols on the either border and not per se the system by which illegal immigrants are apprehended it stands to reason that the government is not altogether prepared or establishing a methodology in apprehending terrorists, they are mere ly cracking down by using brute force without strategy,Looking back, we can also see that the routine operations of our immigration laws—that is, aspects of those laws not specifically aimed at protecting against terrorism—inevitably shaped al Qaeda’s planning and opportunities. Because they were deemed not to be bona fide tourists or students as they claimed, five conspirators that we know of tried to get visas and failed, and one was denied entry by an inspector.We also found that had the immigration system set a higher bar for determining whether individuals are who or what they claim to be—and ensuring consequences for violations—it could potentially have excluded, removed, or come into further contact with several hijackers who did not appear to meet the terms for admitting short-term visitors (570). Thus, the article emphasized the lack of a system in uncovering terrorism as part of border security. Aristotle was partial to pluralism. He did place his faith in the idea that humans ‘aped’ reality and copy what they are witnessing, and thus making reality a reserved, unattainable subject.A person’s personal truth, through the philosophy of pluralism and Aristotle, has a background involving historical context and empirical evidence wherein truth can be extrapolated. Aristotle believed that pluralism dealt more with a person’s culture than with a vast array of immitigable scenarios. For Aristotle, pluralism, and not unity allowed for change in the universe, and in this avenue of discourse Aristotle presented the concept of both motion and rest existing in the world in simultaneous reality, â€Å"†¦it is not the case that all things are at rest or in motion sometimes and nothing for ever; for there is something which always moves the things that are in motion, and the first mover is itself unmoved [Ibid. , 29-32, p. 751]. † Therefore, life, reality, self exist on a plane where the poss ibility of truth is represented in many. Thus, the United States’ approach to terrorism is found to be understood as the common good for everyone as opposed to the common good based on one man.This is shown in the allowance of holding foreigners in prisons without trial in order to gain information from them, and even in some cases indulging in torture in order to protect the greater good as is stated in Aristotle’s logos. In the reality that existed for Aristotle through the philosophy concept of pluralism, empirical facts were the focus, goal and reality which human beings base their existence. In this existence, it is not necessary for a common laborer to delve into the meanderings of the Ideal Good possibly having relevance for anyone besides a philosopher.The absolute idea for Aristotle was not found in abstract concepts but rather in empirical multiplicity and continuous transformation of facts based on frame of reference, history, and culture. It is through thes e fundamental approaches that human beings come to know their own truth instead of delving into the misrepresentation of Forms given through Plato’s unity, â€Å"Pythagoreans say that things exist by ‘imitation’ of numbers, and Plato says they exist by participation, changing the name.But what the participation or the imitation of the Forms could be they left an open question [Ibid. , ll-14, p. 7O1]. † The interaction of Forms and human beings in the universe is the core concept on the philosophy of pluralism, as Aristotle states, â€Å"Platonists speak as if the One were homogeneous like fire or water; if this is so, the numbers will not be substances.Evidently, if there is a One-itself, and this is a first principle, ‘One’ is being used in more than one sense; for otherwise the theory is impossible [Ibid. , 992a 7-10, p. 7O9]. † Through metaphysics Aristotle suggests that existence is not reliant upon numbers, reasons, or Forms alone, but only that the realistic forms are primary, which is the approach the United States government is taking in regards to counter-terrorism. The number one priority of preventing terrorism is to prevent terrorist travel.This tactic however has not been seriously employed with regards to border security and finding and preventing terrorism since the focus, as previously stated, is more about finding terrorists, not finding the means by which they are mobile. One system that has not be utilized in border security is the means by which to detect whether documentation is authentic since terrorists have system by which they infiltrate a country. Their travel channels should be found and exploited, but no real clause in the Patriot Act has been given or stated.Terrorists establish themselves in the United States through their travel channels by which there is a paper trail of documents; therefore, the Patriot Act, and NAFTA should not only be focusing their efforts at the borders where t he terrorists may or may not be traveling but the government should also be wary of terrorist activity already transpiring inside the country, as The US 9/11 Commission on Border Control, â€Å"Each of these checkpoints or portals is a screening-a chance to establish that people are who they say they are and are seeking access for their stated purpose, to intercept identifiable suspects, and to take effective action† (571). This paper has shown that although the United States is refocusing efforts on border control their methodology has not been new in design as counter terrorism efforts call for, but instead the United States seems to have merely increased the number of patrols across the border and not changed the system by which they seek out terrorists.In the information presented in this paper it gave different avenues by which the United States could be making a better effort to fight terrorism by simply having a different strategy on terrorism inclusive of finding thei r travel channels and relying on identification and false passports. The United States approach to border control, since they are using the same system now as prior to September 11 have not changed how they approach terrorists and their apprehension thus leaving room for terrorists to take advantage of this lax method and exploit it. Bibliography Andreas, Peter. (2003 3rd Quarter). Perspective. Regional Review. 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