Wednesday, July 31, 2019
Comparing and Contrasting Economic Ideas Essay
Introduction – As individual leaders in modern economic thinking and attitude, economists Milton Friedman and John Maynard Keynes was hailed and criticized by many different individuals and institutions because of their contribution to global economy attitudes as well as because of the sometimes very radical ways that the two required of economic leaders to resort to so that they can follow the economic model that either Friedman and Keynes designed. Both are right and wrong when it comes to understanding economy and providing a solution which can be used to unlock the mysteries of the changing economic dilemma that the world experiences which requires the input of economists. And during their time, Friedman and Keynes enjoyed the god-like loft from which they stood, one at a time, when the world was bowing to the economic thoughts that they made. Similarities: Friedman and Keynes economic thoughts meet in the middle – While Friedman’s and Keynes’ thoughts and focus on economics have inherent differences, some observers believe that the two economic ideas espoused by Friedman and Keynes also have some similarities. For one, the two economists and their ideas are in agreement when it comes to the stable growth rate of money supply and its role in fluctuation and employment[1]. Also, the two were inherently economist in inclination – they stand on similar grounds even if it means digging and building that ground using different shovels and different strokes. Second, the economic ideas of the two individuals share the similar characterisitcs of being popular and widely used and regarded before the ensuing change in political landscape made the idea of obsolete and useless; for Keynes and his economic idea about the role of the state in economic leadership, the flowering of his idea came after the world, particularly the US, felt the squeeze to the economy after the two world wars and the occurrence of the Great Depression, his idea ultimately subsiding by the time the world came closer and closer to the 80s. For Friedman, his economic idea got its turn after it proved having the solution to the problem the Keynes model cannot answer, and after enjoying his moment in the spotlight for some years, the global crisis that engulfed the world pushed Friedman’s ideas closer and closer to the trash bin. Friedman and Keynes and their ideas share the similar pace when it comes to public acceptance, as well as the same characteristic that their ideas each are pets of US presidents; former US president Richard Nixon was a Keynesian while another former US president, Ronal Reagan implemented a Friedman approach in economics[2]. Another similarity in the economic idea of Friedman and Keynes is that their ideas allowed for the identification of an entity or institution or idea that was the reason for the failure of the economy. Take for example the Great Depression, for those adhering to the Keynesian belief in economics, they are inclined to believe that there is someone or something at fault why such occurrence happened, and that is the idea of free market. Friedman thinking will also lead the individual towards the same belief of having someone or something at fault, and that is the Federal Reserve, so far as Friedman economic thinking is concerned. Another similarity shared by Keynes and Friedman and their attack and pattern in developing economic thought and assuring the audience needed for the establishment of the popularity and acceptance of their particular economic thought is the manner by which their economic thoughts and ideas were built and spread around those who will either criticize or embrace it. Wood (1991) explained, â€Å"The most surprising aspect of Friedman’s achievements is that he has not to a greater extent earned the gratitude of the profession. To a large degree this is due to the sharply critical form in which he has presented his ideas.†[3] In his attacks on the positions of other he has at times tended to depart from the more careful and guarded way in which he typically presents his own results. This has assured him of a wide audience, because it is often easier to attract adherents to a revolution in thinking – even a counter-revolution – than to a less dramatic evolution of a hypothesis. This is a characteristic which Friedman shares with Keynes and explains why both have been at the same time highly controversial and highly successful in the development of economic thought. Economists in a head-on collision – Despite the similarities found in Friedman and Keynes and their thoughts and the pacing and social acceptance lifespan of their ideas, Friedman and Keynes and their ideas in economies are more accepted, criticized and reviewed because of how the two ideas find contrasting points against the other. They and their ideas have significant differences that they are described sometimes as the great polarizers of the economy and the economic belief and attitude. For Friedman, Keynes was incorrect about the idea of the state and its active role in dictating the economy. For Friedman, the more suitable solution is for the state to know that its role in the economy is focused on ensuring the growth of money supply. Friedman stressed the importance of monetary policy versus the idea of Keynes and the role of state spending. Friedman also challenged the manner by which Keynes explained the behavior of the consumer especially during the cases of inflation and the ensuing unemployment[4]. The Keynes-Friedman Showdown – While it is understandable how there will be purely separate groups that support the thoughts of Keynes and the economic thinking of Friedman, there are instances that the two modern day economic thinkers figure in colossal showdowns (which is not of their doing, of course, but the doing of other people and institutions particularly award giving bodies that set out to identify who is the best between the two). An example of these instances is the during the time globally popular and highly respected weekly glossy magazine TIME undertook the task of naming the recipient of the Economist of the Century honor to wrap up the end of the twentieth century[5]. Skousen (2001) wrote about how the members of the selecting group were torn between Friedman and Keynes, and how Friedman ultimately bested Keynes despite the fact that some TIME magazine staff, including editor in chief Norman Pearlstine, believed that the award should go to Keynes. Pearlstine believed that the manner by which Keynes articulated the importance of free markets as well as the significance of the undue government intervention that will resort to the creation of danger in the economic landscape[6] is an important modern day economic idea that will benefit not just one country but the world, especially now that the world is experiencing global trade and economics. Cambridge University in 1970, during the time Friedman faced a highly partisan, pro Keynes crowd who rooted for their favorite Nicholas Kaldor which Friedman soundly defeated during the debate[7]. Some would say that the surprising Friedman win in that particular debate (which silenced the murmuring crowd of infidels) was due largely because of the absence of Keynes himself, but it may also point to the fact that Friedman and his economic ideals holds true in some aspects. Conclusion – Many scholars, critics, new economists, political analysts and historians until now continually debate about the similarities and differences of Keynes and Friedman and their economic ideas. More importantly, they debated about how each economist and each idea they gave to the world helped in shaping world economy as it is today. Some say that Milton was unlike Friedman, while some think they are the same. Some believe that Friedman was better than Keynes, while others feel otherwise. Others go to the extreme, considering that the two lived in an interconnected life, that one completes the other, as DeLong believes that Friedman was not a competitor to Keynes, but more of the man that completed Keynes[8]. The issues and points arising in the debate focused on the person and their ideas bring about immense complexity that the end is always hard to see, predict and achieve. But for the differences of Friedman and Keynes, it is no doubt that both economist contributed immensely in the field of economics, and because of that, they were showered not just with official honors but with very flattering commentaries by critics and observers. Mark Blaug was quoted by Skousen in his book as attributing to Friedman and his great ability for debating and fighting for his position in economic ideologies[9] that resulted to his earning the respect of even his most critical and previously unimpressed adversaries. Skousen (2001) believes that Friedman is the most famous economist alive, but he was quick to counter his proposition by reminding the readers that Friedman was not a giant at first in the circle of economic thinkers, owing largely to the fact that Friedman and his economic ideas (i.e. his monetarism beliefs) were heavily criticized early in his career as an economic thinker. [10]       Truly, both Keynes and Friedman created such economic ideals that went to the extent that it became antagonistic with each other. But professionals knew that underneath it all, the more important thing to consider is the fact that the differences and similarities found in Keynes’ and Friedman’s works gave the world what it can used to manage changing economic difficulties. Works Cited: DeLong, J Bradford. â€Å"Friedman Completed Keynes.†Project Syndicate. 2006. 23 May 2008            . Heuser, Uwe Jean. â€Å"The Underrated Power of Economists.†Indymedia.org.uk. 28 June 2007.            23 May 2008 . Macesich, George. â€Å"World Economy at the Crossroads.†Greenwood Publishing Group,            Incorporated, November 1997. Skousen, Mark. â€Å"The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great            Thinkers.†Sharpe, Me., Inc., March 2001. Wood, John Cunningham. â€Å"Milton Friedman: Critical Assessments†Vol. 14. Taylor &            Francis, Inc., August 1990. [1] Macesich, George. â€Å"World Economy at the Crossroads.†Greenwood Publishing Group,                Incorporated, November 1997. p. 12. [2] Heuser, Uwe Jean. â€Å"The Underrated Power of Economists.†Indymedia.org.uk. 28 June 2007.                23 May 2008 . [3] Wood, John Cunningham. â€Å"Milton Friedman: Critical Assessments†Vol. 14. Taylor &                Francis, Inc., August 1990. p. 465. [4] Heuser, Uwe Jean. â€Å"The Underrated Power of Economists.†Indymedia.org.uk. 28 June 2007.                23 May 2008 . [5] Skousen, Mark. â€Å"The Making of Modern Economics: The Lives and Ideas of the Great                Thinkers.†Sharpe, Me., Inc., March 2001. pg 379. [6] Ibid. [7] Skousen. pg 380. [8] DeLong, J Bradford. â€Å"Friedman Completed Keynes.†Project Syndicate. 2006. 23 May 2008                . [9] Skousen, p. 380 [10] Ibid.
Tuesday, July 30, 2019
Connection of Figurative Language in the Scarlet Ibis
â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis†, there is a multitude of figurative language used to underline the theme that is repeated in Naomi Long Midget's poem â€Å"Woman with Flower†, ultimately enlightening the reader with a true moral of don't be exceedingly prideful and work something before it is ready. â€Å"Woman with Flower†introduces readers to a woman who is trying to shelter her flower and make it perfect, rather than letting it take its own path and literally letting it grow into a beautiful flower.The poem reflects the short prose â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis†via figurative language. An example would be, â€Å"Much growth is stunted by too careful prodding. †This personifies the flower with human like attributes of being sheltered and protected, like many youth are in present time. â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis†can also relate to that because of the narrator's need for Doodle's success, not so much for Doodle, but for the narrator's own pride. â€Å"The things we love we have to learn to leave alone. Demonstrates the underlying thought of the prose', when do we leave someone to Geiger life on their own terms, and when do we Intervene and help out? The narrator in â€Å"The Scarlet Ibis†struggles to find the answer to this query as he teaches Doodle to walk and become what society views as a normal little boy. In the end of the prose, he makes an irrational decision due to his dwindling patience.
Monday, July 29, 2019
The South Coast Plaza by Segerstrom Family Essay
The South Coast Plaza by Segerstrom Family - Essay Example The plaza has recorded highest sales of 1.5 billion dollars in America. Since March 1967, South Coast has overcome various difficulties and challenges. In the beginning, it started as bean fields and as time went by it grew bigger. Various famous groups joined this party thereafter. From 1973 to 1979, additional stores were added for Bullock’s, I. Magnin, Nordstrom, and Sakes Fifth Avenue. Since Segerstrom family had a bigger dream, they never stopped developing it. From 1986, South Coast began its largest expansion and grew on the streets and by the end of 1987; it was totally a unique place. Because of its expansion and various famous stores, South Coast improved its level from a local plaza to a standard national mall. In May 2007, it had a final reconstruction that resulted in re-opening of Bloomingdale’s. However, it is difficult to examine every store in the area. The South Coast Plaza has four architecture parts. Beginning with the west wing between Fairview Road and Bear Street is the furniture area that contains various famous furniture stores such as Marcy’s Home Furniture Store and Crate and Barrel Home Store. The largest part of this Plaza is situated in the middle surrounded by malls like Macy’s Nordstrom, Bloomingdale’s, and Sears. The east wing of the plaza is built for official businesses and on the north wing, there is a small part called the South Coast Plaza Village that hosts many restaurants for the visitors and locals. Currently, South Coast is the largest malls in the world, and its reputation and fame have attracted a number ranging from millions of people across the world every year. With this regard, it has become national scenic spots. When compared to Yellowstone National Park and many other places, it is a preferable area by the visitors from Asia. Almost a half of travel groups from China tend to go to the South Coast. It is nearly 14 hours flight from China Lax. Most of the visitors from China want to see the greatest mall on the first day since the place majorly attracts them because of its magic.
Sunday, July 28, 2019
Corporal Pushment In Children Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Corporal Pushment In Children - Research Paper Example Some countries and states have legalized corporal punishment; however, in some states and countries, corporal punishment is banned. This paper discusses the issue of corporal punishment in detail. Corporal Punishment on Children Karem De Gouveia Mr. Roycraft ENC 1101- T November 15, 2011 De Gouveia i Outline I- Introduction Thesis: Corporal punishment as a sort of physical punishment is legalized in some states of the world while other states regard it disadvantageous for the children’s physical and mental growing up. II- Definition of Corporal Punishment A. Characteristics of physical abuse B. The goal of corporal punishment III- Kinds of Corporal Punishment A. Domestic punishment B. How is the corporal punishment in the judicial system IV- Views of Different Schools of Thoughts A. Different views on corporal punishment. B. The point of view in the state of Texas C. As per the law of New Hampshire V- Impact of Corporal Punishment on Children A. Positive Impact B. Negative Imp act De Gouveia 1 Corporal Punishment in Children Physical abuse of children at the hands of their parents and / or guardian is considered corporal punishment. It is considered as a sort of constructive punishment inflicted upon children to discipline them. In many developed countries of the world, parents / guardians cannot be prosecuted for physical assault under their laws. Even in the developing countries, there is no law which makes parents / guardians answer to the law enforcing agencies for spanking or slapping their children. Physical abuse is a part of corporal punishment. According to Gershoff (2002), â€Å"Physical abuse is characterized by the infliction of physical injury as a result of punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning, shaking or otherwise harming a child. The parent and caretaker may not have intended to hurt the child; rather the injury may have resulted from over- discipline or physical punishment.†(pp. 540). Regardless, if there was an intention t o hurt the child or not, the child was hurt, and it can be considered physical abuse. Corporal punishment by its nature comprises domestic, academic and judicial punishments. Domestic punishment means children receive punishment from parents / guardian. With regard to academic institutions, students are punished by teachers / administrators at the elementary level. In the judicial system, corporal punishment is applied upon prisoners by the De Gouveia 2 superintendent of prison and other associated officials in line with the judgment of the court. The goal of corporal punishment is to place the people on the right track. It differs from people to people in terms of age. As far as the children are concerned, the parental corporal punishment proves effective at the initial period of life of a child if he / she is below the age of eighteen. To make a child good in behavior, he or she should be intimated for corporal punishment or corporal punishment should be inflicted upon as the expe rience may be. This has been legal in many schools of United States of America. However, Canada, Kenya, Korea, South Africa, New Zealand, Europe except France are exempted from such punishment. It has virtually vanished from the western world. However, it can be seen in Africa and Asia. (Straus & Donnelly 27) Different schools of thought may have different views on corporal punishment, but they agree on one thing that is the necessity to repair the attitudes of children. However, the method of causing harm may vary from
Saturday, July 27, 2019
Paraphrasing of Discussion and Analysis of Dell Strategy Essay
Paraphrasing of Discussion and Analysis of Dell Strategy - Essay Example However, recent times have seen the increase in competition against Dell and its winning strategies. As such, Dell seeks new strategies so as to gain and maintain competitive advantage. One such strategy Dell zeroed in on is â€Å"dynamic capabilities†(Magretta 1998, p.4). The trick is to go beyond utilizing resources in an ordinary way. Instead, the company employs strategies that configure and thereby create competitive advantage of these resources. â€Å"Dynamic†, on the other hand, stands for the ability to transform these resources with ease in light of the flux environment within which Dell competes. The ability to adapt to external and internal change is also a significant way of maintaining competitive advantage. In light of this analysis, Michael Dell states that: â€Å"The goal is to stay a few steps ahead of change. That means the company can create and even shape change to some extent. The best way to beat change is to spend adequate time with the customer s (Magretta 1998, p.83)†. This approach reflects not only on the nature of the strategies Dell upholds but also on the nature of their operating models. That is, adjusting and improving the models capabilities over time in light of changing market needs. Critical Overview: Focusing on Relationships within a Supply Chain. Dell attributes its key successes on a unique value chain. This chain owes its uniqueness to the nature of relationships of the various stakeholders within the supply chain. These relationships create leverage for the company in view of its customers’ appreciation. Secondly, Dell is one of the company’s that heavily relies on web technology to differentiating itself from other players in the market. One advantage of utilising web technology is the ability to select direct market routes, as opposed to other companies. Direct market routes are cost efficient as they facilitate quick delivery of goods and services. Also, the company can adapt and re spond to the market environment needs with flexibility. Source: Magretta, 1998. In regard to the stakeholders in the supply chain, Dell focuses on the customer’s interests more than any other stakeholder. Granted, distributors and retailers contribute significantly to the value chain. However, in maintaining the differentiation strategy Dell prefers to target the customer directly. This approach provides convenience for the customer through superior customer service and the company by building a customer oriented brand name. Secondly, a direct approach to customers’ business model vouchsafes lower operating costs. This enables customers to enjoy Dell products at relatively affordable prices. Lower operating costs are an advantage for the company as they can invest other capital to improve the value of their products through research and development and also, enables them to invest in other ventures. The ever changing external factors over the years have led to the need to expand some previous strategies. Therefore, Dell outsources some logistic and distribution elements of its strategy. While exploiting the internet to create effective distribution channels, Dell does not ignore traditional channels such as direct mail. Through outsourcing primary activities, Dell creates a virtual value chain because suppliers and distributers alike qualify to be partners hence â€Å"integrated in their value adding activities†(Magretta 1998, p.7). This strategy further differentiates Dell from competitors offering the same services. The partnerships created also allow for competitive advantage for Dell. These partnerships facilitate innovation through injection of â€Å"
Bipolar Affective Disorder Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words
Bipolar Affective Disorder - Essay Example The condition could be observed in teen age, adolescence or early adulthood. In many cases the symptom onsets before the age of 25 years (Kessler et al, 2005), but it remains undiagnosed till the problem takes the form of disorder. Management of the condition is crucial and is a long-term process where co-operation of the associated individuals play a significant role. Symptoms of Bipolar Disorder Individuals suffering from bipolar disorder display severe emotional condition which is termed as "mood episodes", encompassing either too thrilled or overjoyed which is called the maniac episode; or the individuals remain in the phase of discouraging thoughts or gloom this phase is termed as the depressive episode. Individuals also witness a mixed stage where phase of mania as well as depression co-exist. Individuals with bipolar disorder may become bad-tempered or dangerous during their mood episode. These symptoms directly influence daily activities such as the energy levels, behaviour o f the person, trouble in proper sleep, restlessness. With time the condition becomes severe and the person have longer duration of unbalanced frame of mind as compared to the distinct phases of depression or mania (Web. Bipolar Disorder). Individuals displaying terrible phases of mood swing and almost every day or remain in such altered mindset for two to three weeks is likely to suffer with bipolar disorder. The symptoms can be categorized as- A. Manic episode or mania encompasses- a. mood swing- this is the extreme phase where the individual is either over joyful, in very high spirit or display very extrovert nature. On the other hand, this phase also displays other aspect where the individual remain ill-tempered, disconcerted, jumpy feeling may also be seen (Web. Bipolar Disorder). b. behaviour alterations- the individual gets diverted without difficulty, can jump from one thought to another or many thoughts could be presented simultaneously. The individual starts taking at a fas ter pace, restlessness is also displayed during this phase and the individual may not sleep appropriately. During this phase some sort of hyperactivity is also observed where the individual may show over enthusiasm in taking new assignments and jobs due to impractical conviction in one's skills. This phase also display unusual behaviour such as participating in high-risk task, may show extravagance temperament, getting diverted towards pleasurable things and perform impetuous investments (Web. Bipolar Disorder). B. Depressive episode of depression encompasses a. mood swing- during this phase the individual has the feeling of being empty and remains depressed. The individual do not show any interest in activities which were once providing pleasure (Web. Bipolar Disorder). b. behaviour alterations- the normal pace of work becomes slow, the individual is not able to concentrate on things and a habit of forgetfulness could be observed. Individuals during this phase may face difficulty i n remembering and recollecting from the memory and therefore finds intricacy in taking any decision rather they remain restless and irritable. Changes could also be observed in eating as well as sleeping habits. Suicidal thoughts often ponder in mind and in severe condition a person may attempt to commit suicide (Web. Bipolar Disorder). Bipolar disorder constitute two phases or poles, BPI, or classic manic-depression. BPII is considered to be placid disorder with alternating phases
Friday, July 26, 2019
Radioisotopes in Medicine Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words
Radioisotopes in Medicine - Essay Example There are neutrons found in the nucleus. These are the neutrons which give an element a radioactive status. Unlike the protons, these neutrons are found in the different number of different at atoms of the same element and based on this difference in the number of neutrons the isotope status is acquired by an element. The sum of protons and neutrons in an atom is called its atomic mass. So atomic number of all atoms of an element is the same but atomic mass could be different (Medical isotopes). There are some elements which decay and are converted to isotopes that posses the properties of unstable isotopes; examples are uranium and thorium. The same isotopes can be generated artificially when it does not exist naturally in some elements. This is achieved by a combination of protons and neutrons. These radioisotopes can be obtained through a variety of ways but the most frequent way of producing radioisotopes is by neutron activation in a nuclear reactor. There are two major outcomes which give radioisotope status to an element, either by gaining a neutron and making an atom neutron rich or by gaining a proton and resulting in proton rich atom. The unstable state of a radioisotope is converted to stable one by the emission of alpha or beta particle with some energy release in the form of gamma rays. In fact, this is radioactive decay of that atom. In medicine, these radioactive products are termed as radiopharmaceuticals (Medical isotopes). Around the first decade of the last century there had been some initial, discussions on the issues of radioactivity and radioisotopes like thorium and ionium. Most of the radioisotopes which are in more frequent use today were discovered during the third decade of the last century. Radioactive isotopes like, iodine-131, cobalt-60, technetium-99m and others were discovered during a short period of three years (1938-1941) (Radioisotopes for diagnosis and treatment). Till mid-seventies of the last century there was not much development in the field when some newly discovered radioisotopes along with technetium-99m revolutionized the field of nuclear medicine when technetium-generator made it practical to convert inactive pharmaceuticals to be labelled on the hospital premises (Radioisotopes in medicin). In 1980s, gamma cameras performance was improved through computer integration which helped in enhancing the processes and eventually the quantification of the radioactivity emitted. (Radioisotopes in medicin). Around the last decade of the last century the image quality as well as details were made improved with the help of single photon emission computer tomography (SPECT) systems. Radioisotopes utilization in Medicine Radioisotopes have been utilized in medicine very extensively for preventive, diagnostic, therapeutic and prognostic purposes.
Thursday, July 25, 2019
How has the UK retail sector adapted to recent changes in the economic Dissertation
How has the UK retail sector adapted to recent changes in the economic climate effectively - Dissertation Example co’s different sections 39 Figure 3: Reason of attraction of customers of Tesco 40 Figure 4: Responses regarding Tesco being the best in price, quality & service 41 Figure 5: Percentages of respondents choosing M&S different sections 42 Figure 6: Reason of attraction of M&S customers 43 Figure 7: Responses regarding M&S being best in price, quality & service 44 Abstract: It has been found that despite the fact that the UK population is only 1% of the population of the globe; the United Kingdom took fourth place in the world trade (Allen, 2010). Mechanical engineering and transport, manufactured goods and chemicals are the main exports of Great Britain. Starting from the 70's, oil production not only has reduced imports of petroleum products, but also brought substantial gains in trade. British Petroleum is the largest industrial corporation and the UK ranks second in Europe. Britain provides 10% of world exports of services - banking, insurance, brokerage, advisory, a s well as in computer programming. Retail sales index characterizes the strength of consumer demand; its growth indicates an increase in the production of goods, strengthening the economy and currency. Published in the 13th day of the month has an impact on the market in the medium and long term. This indicator is the most informative and does not include the number of cars sold, since this value is very volatile. There is a seasonal dependence, as described by Craig Emerson (2008). Chapter 1: Introduction: 1.1 Background: The economic cycle or business cycle faces different phases that include slump, recession, recover and boom. During the last decade, the world witnessed turmoil in global market in the form of financial crisis that resulted in adverse impacts on almost every country of the world.... The economic cycle or business cycle faces different phases that include slump, recession, recover and boom. During the last decade, the world witnessed turmoil in global market in the form of financial crisis that resulted in adverse impacts on almost every country of the world. Companies face different market circumstances in different phases and they react accordingly, In order to retain their positions in the market, they have to adopt different strategies so that they are able to generate enough revenue. The global downturn during 2008-2009 is one of the worst recessions faced by the world economy. All the developed western countries like US, UK, France etc were badly hit by the global meltdown. Many companies of these developed nations were unable to cope up with the recession despite adopting different strategies and finally went bankrupt or were acquired by other companies. Lehman Brothers, Washington Mutual, Barnsley Building Society, Alliance & Leicester and Bear Stearns etc to name a few. Generally, a huge number of financial markets are still coping with the effects of financial crisis. Particularly, governments have played a significant role in supporting its financial markets to survive in midst of such financial crisis. In the British economy, retail sector enjoys noteworthy importance due to its contribution in GDP of the country.
Wednesday, July 24, 2019
Clinical trials for intiviral in general Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words
Clinical trials for intiviral in general - Essay Example After the promising drug has been identified based on its mode of action on the target , it undergoes a thorough pre-clinical testing involving biological test-tube and animal studies. The primary goal is to determine the safety of the product for initial use in humans, and if the drug shows pharmacological activity that justifies commercial development. These studies will show if the test drug works against its viral target. In the case of HIV, after it was reported that diketo acids can inhibit strand transfer step (3), studies were used to exhibit the disease progression and test treatments in macaque monkeys (4). Animal studies have utilized the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) to study acquired immunodeficiency in primates, however, SIV shares only 50% homology to HIV. Recently, a genetically altered HIV can infect rhesus monkeys in such a way that the resulting infection mimics the early stages of HIV human infection (5). Successful pre-clinical trials pave the way for a drug company to file an Investigational New Drug application. The application will include data on animal pharmacology and toxicological studies, manufacturing information, the protocols for the clinical trials, and the information about the investigators. The investigators and sponsors are responsible for the protection of the clinical trial subjects (6). Drugs have to be subjected to several phase of clinical trials for them to be approved for marketing. Phase I trials are meant to determine the metabolic and pharmacological actions, and the maximum tolerable dose of the drug in 20 to 80 volunteers. The trial normally lasts for a minimum of one month to a year. Measured outcomes are vital signs, virus plasma and serum levels and adverse events or reactions to the drug. Trials are unblinded and do not employ controls (7), although blinding and controls can be used to improve the validity. Phase I trials usually do not have therapeutic objectives, and may be conducted in
Tuesday, July 23, 2019
Effect of financial crisis on consumer finance Essay
Effect of financial crisis on consumer finance - Essay Example The complexity of financial instruments that were involved in the crisis deepened the effects of subprime mortgage crisis (Ghoshi, 2006). The subprime crisis led to a number of problems in America’s as well as the global financial system. As home owners defaulted on payment of their mortgage costs, financial institutions were drained off liquidity necessary for lending. It also led to reduction of revenues generated by many financial institutions as well as other organizations whose operations were adversely affected by the turbulence on financial markets. This led to decline in economic growth rate, forcing the United States of America and United Kingdom of Britain to record negative gross domestic product growth. Ben Bernanke, a leading economist and the Chairman of Federal Reserve in US indicated that the Federal Reserve policies are not the main cause of the crisis and its subsequent reduction in access of consumers to credit. He noted that while the US financial policies are partly to blame, other countries policies such as currency management policies in China make the global economy more prone to financial crisis (The Washington Post, 2011). In a debate moderated by the char of economics department in Harvard University, important facts about the recent global financial crisis were revealed. The subprime crisis significantly reduced the willingness of financial institutions to extend credit to consumers.... In a debate moderated by the char of economics department in Harvard University, important facts about the recent global financial crisis were revealed. The people involved in the debate were economics professor Jeremy, and Professor Rogoff, both from the institution and a history professor Nial. Roggoff noted that while the lending policies were lax, the outsider attitude of customers equally catalyzed the 2007/2008 global financial crisis. This led to low cooperation between financial institutions and their mortgage customers, accelerating the rate of the 2007/2008 global financial crisis. Roggof had predicted the crisis one and half years earlier (Crimson Staff Writers, 2010). Analyses The subprime crisis significantly reduced the willingness of financial institutions to extend credit to consumers. Such institutions withheld liquidity as panic and loss of confidence spread in the financial sector. This led to fall in consumer lending since 2007 to 2008 (Bricker et al, 2012). The v alue of loans issued in US in 2008 last quarter of the year was almost half of the value of loans issued during the same period in the previous year. Lending declined across all credit lines, including that of short term and consumer lending. Majority of the banks that were vulnerable to bank run during the crisis cut on their spending. Banks with average level of deposits to assets cut on their loan originations by 36% between August and December in 2008 as compared to the same period in the previous year. The recent subprime mortgage crisis resulted to economic recession. During economic recession, the demand for loan able funds decline. This was evident in 2008 to 2009 when business activity declined and unemployment shot up in many countries. This reduced the
Monday, July 22, 2019
Doing Psychotherapy Essay Example for Free
Doing Psychotherapy Essay The book entitled â€Å"Doing Psychotherapy†written by Dr. Michael Franz Basch is renowned as a functional guide that could be used in implementing effective psychotherapy. As such, this book is considered as an insightful composition that is profound in such a manner that it clearly renders factual actions and activities as to how such psychiatric therapy works. Distinct from any other book with the same topic, Dr. Michael Basch’s opus about psychotherapy is not only a representation of his brilliant ideas and views with regard to the relationship between the therapist and its patient but also serves as an essential demonstration of the real occurrence in psychotherapy. Dr. Michael Franz Basch is a Professor of Psychotherapy at Rush Medical College and also serves as a Supervising Analyst at the Chicago Institute of Psychoanalysis (Basch, 1980). In addition to this, he also works as an attending Psychiatrist at Michael Reese Hospital and Medical Center (Basch, 1980). Overview of the Mechanism and Tools The ccomprehensive interpersonal relationship and open communication between the therapist and the patient is one of the major mechanisms presented in the book as this is essential to bring about change. In here, the author gives an emphasis on the behavior of the therapist in which he said that psychoanalyst must not have personal bias and control their emotions against the actions of their client to be able to initiate change in psychotherapy and render positive results for their patients. Moreover, the book has also utilized various system based from reliable clinical protocol without the exclusion of the unavoidable mistakes which the therapist may commit. As such, the book has utilized a profound mechanism in providing the reader a therapeutic discussion through the method used in presenting factual experiences, which essentially occurs in the actual treatment of psycho cases with varying difficulty. Likewise, the author concentrates in discussing the treatment for the patients with light cases that normally receives little concern and are generally disregarded in most of the training guides, but requires essential attention as the personal relationships of these patients are normally unsatisfying, disturbed and habitually unhelpful. Critiques and Concepts Presented In the book, the author clearly states his concept that the quality of the relationship between the psychotherapist and the client is an essential factor in which it has a greater influence in achieving helpful outcomes on the client’s end. As such, this concept tells that a good relationship between the client or patient and the therapist is more inclined to achieve a positive outcome. In addition to this, the author said that in designing psychotherapy, the process of diagnosis must be done accordingly. Hence, the treatment process must be in line with the condition and diagnosis of the client. From a personal point of view, such concepts in psychotherapy may not be as effective as it is perceived by just relying on the stability of relationship between the two parties and the definition of the case. Hence, this should be well-supported with the accorded clinical protocols towards the treatment of psycho disorder. With this, it can be said that a more helpful and positive outcome for the patients as well as for the entire process of therapy is within reach. Conclusion In the end, the approach of Dr. Michael Franz Basch that have developed for the past decades of practicing and teaching in the field psychotherapy is indeed logical and dynamic in which he evidently states that management of the transference relationship is a positive stepping stone for the treatment process. As such, most of his teachings and concepts presented in the book are evidently modern in which his thoughts evades the stiffness that is often associated with the classical psychoanalytical position and seems to be an integration of various techniques from the different disciplines of therapy. Hence, Dr. Basch emphasizes in his concepts that building on the patient’s strengths is more essential and helpful towards effective psychotherapy, rather than concentrating on studying the illness or condition of the patient. Nonetheless, the book â€Å"Doing Psychotherapy†is indeed functional in serving as an ideal guide for the professionals engaged in clinical work. Reference Basch M. (1980). Doing Psychotherapy. Michigan. Basic Books
Introduction to Criminal Justice Essay Example for Free
Introduction to Criminal Justice Essay This definition of a crime comes from (Merriam-Webster On-line Dictionary) and reads; â€Å"Crime: an act or the commission of an act that is forbidden or the omission of a duty that is commanded by a public law and that makes the offender liable to punishment by that law; especially: a gross violation of the law†. There are several definitions of crime, but there all consistent for the most part. People who commit crimes are held to answer for the crimes they are accused of. For this, we must have a judicial system in place that is fair and balanced. Although the person accused of committing the crime is sometimes judged before he’s even gone to court, he must be allowed certain rights and due process. Those rights must not be violated prior to a trial. It’s this system that makes American what we are. Sometimes there are cases that make us feel that the person being tried should just be executed or sent to jail, because the media has basically tried and convicted the person prior to trial. This was evident in the â€Å"Casey Anthony†murder trial. Most Americans and the media had convicted her prior to trial. She was found not guilty earlier today by twelve jurors. Is the system fair? Who knows, but this is the reason, lots of people believe there should be professional jurors for high profile cases like this. On the other hand our judicial system has been around for a long time and delivers in most cases a fair system of government that protects the innocent, the victims and the accused. Of course all parties involved don’t feel this way based on where you’re at during the judicial process, but it’s a system that’s fair to all parties. The system is overseen by federal systems that try to keep order and balance throughout the country. Without any of this we would be a country with no law and order. Vigilantes’ would run the streets creating their own laws and chaos would prevail. The three components of the criminal justice system are The Police, The Criminal Courts and The Correctional Institutions. Each one of these components has a very specific function and go hand in hand with one another. For example; if a person is arrested by a police officer for a residential burglary, there is a series of events that happen on the law enforcement side, before the suspect goes to court and before he becomes a part of the correctional institutions. . Once an officer confirms a crime has been committed, he must place the person under arrest and show there was probable cause to arrest the person. This information goes into a â€Å"Probable Cause statement that’s submitted during the booking process. If the suspect is questioned he must be advised of his Miranda rights by the law enforcement officer. Evidence must be collected to prove the crime was committed and the person being charged committed the crime. The suspect is then transported to the county jail for booking. The officer must then document the incident in a police report and be able to articulate the elements of the crime have been fulfilled. The evidence must be booked and the police report must then be submitted to the District Attorney’s office within a 48 hour time frame before the suspect is arraigned in court. If any of this fails’ to happen the courts could release the suspect under Penal Code 825. The case can still be submitted to the District Attorney’s office, but it will be filled out of custody. If this process has been completed correctly the criminal courts takes over their function. Once the suspect goes to court for his first appearance he is advised of his charges and the probable cause is confirmed by the courts. During this phase the report and evidence collected are examined by the defense counsel to see if the suspect has a chance of winning the case. If the defense attorney feels that his client may lose the case based off of the evidence presented he may be allowed to plea bargain in which the suspect could plead to a lesser crime or admit guilt to the crime he is accused of. There are several things that determine if this allowed to happen, to include the suspects past criminal history and the seriousness of the crime. If the courts feel there is enough probable cause and the suspect’s rights have not been violated, the suspect will be held to answer to the charges brought against him. Otherwise the suspect could be let free based on the lack of probable cause, lack of physical evidence or the suspect’s rights being violated during the arrest or questioning process. If the suspect is held to answer he will then go to an arraignment. Once there he will plead either not guilty, guilty, or no contest. If a person pleads â€Å"not guilty†he is set for pre-trial at which time his case is handled by the person’s lawyer. If need be the case goes to trial where he is judged by twelve of his peers or the person pleads to a lesser charge and the case is closed prior to the trial. If a trial takes place and the person is found guilty he will be sentenced by the judge based on the crimes committed. This can be immediately or shortly after the trial. If the suspect is sentenced to prison he then becomes a part of the correctional institution. After sentencing he is usually turned over immediately to the custody of the sheriff’s department while awaiting transportation to prison.
Sunday, July 21, 2019
Threats To Darkroom Workers
Threats To Darkroom Workers In terms of exposure to harmful chemicals, darkroom workers and hobbyists are often in a worse position than chemical workers. Darkroom workers, especially hobbyists, normally receive no training in the proper use of chemicals. Perhaps the main reason for this laxity is that photo chemicals are generally regarded as safe by the photographic community. Many photographers think that since most photo chemicals are diluted before use that the danger is low. But most photographers lack the knowledge necessary to make decisions about chemical exposure. This is shown in the lack of precautions that most photographers take; many immerse themselves, literally, in their solutions and advise their students to do the same. Contact with high levels of some photo chemicals can lead to acute problems such as burns, dermatitis, dizziness, vomiting, asphyxiation and central nervous system failure. Long-term, low-level exposure can result in chronic problems such as allergic reactions, headaches, depression, lung ailments and cancer. Individuals vary in their responses to chemicals; some are more susceptible to adverse reactions than others. Reactions also depend on the concentrations of the chemicals and the conditions under which they are used. The greatest danger to darkroom workers and hobbyists is through the inhalation of powders or vapors. Additionally, most chemicals in the darkroom are liquids in open trays or tanks which increases the chance for spills. Absorption through the skin is also easy if the photographer routinely handles chemical-covered films or prints. Most darkroom workers seem to rely on the rule of thumb if I can tolerate the odor, the ventilation is adequate. But there are dangers from inoffensive chemicals that arent offensive: what you cant smell CAN hurt you! www.subclub.org/darkroom/safety.htm INTRODUCTION The Trinidad and Tobago Police Service or TTPS is the law enforcement agency of Trinidad and Tobago and has been in operation for over 200 years. One of the specialization within the Service was the introduction of plain-clothes officers in 1862 to assist in crime fighting during. Included in this section is the Photography department one of the specialist section whose function is to photograph the scene of crimes, serious accidents and any material relating to the commission of a crime or incident. This includes the photographing of fingerprints and questioned documents in order to preserve evidence of value in the process of crime investigation or presentation before the courts. Persons coming into custody of the Police and those participating in riots and demonstrations are also photographed for evidence of infractions of the law. These highly trained officers gain their expertise by participating in courses provided by senior officers and at international agencies. http://www.ttps.gov.tt This study focuses on the Hazards associated with the photography department in the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service. No research was found on the topic in Trinidad and Tobago, however, international agencies, such as the University of Florida and Kodak International and other agencies have put systems in place to protect photographers, darkroom enthusiast and other persons from hazards that they may encounter in the dark rooms. Dark Rooms are an official part of the Trinidad and Tobago Police Service. They are used for developing images after processing scenes of crimes. The crime scene is photographed to record a vivid understanding of what the scene looked like and to record items of possible evidence. Crime scene photographs are normally taken in two groupings, overall views and items of evidence. http://www.feinc.net/cs-proc. Photographers play an important role in the entire Police service of Trinidad and Tobago. Most of the work is carried out in a Photographic Lab which is commonly called the Dark Room. The photographer, or more specifically the crime scene photographer, must know how to create an acceptable image that is capable of withstanding challenges in court. These photographs are seen by Judges, Magistrates, Lawyers and Jurors, fellow officers and witnesses. It is commonly said that a picture paints a thousand words, however, the technical aspects are unknown to our fellow Officers and other Civilian members. The Police photographer operates in the front line and the greatest feats are spent behind the scenes. Photographers are not taken seriously as everyone now owns a camera and play the role of amateur photographers; they are further disrespected by being called photo take outers. The assumption is they click away and wolla photograph appears like magic. There are numerous hazards associated with dark rooms and wet photography. Photography uses three basic chemicals in the processing of light sensitive materials. The first chemical is called Developer. The developer detects changes in the silver salt in the emulsion of the film or paper and turns those that have been struck by light into metallic silver. The second chemical is stop bath and is used to stop the developer from working any longer. Plain water is sometimes used for this step. The final chemical is fixer. It fixes the film or paper so that it is no longer sensitive to light. It dissolve the unexposed silver salt from the light sensitive emulsion while leaving the metalic silver in tact. Fixer will, however, bleach the metalic silver if left in contact for a long enough period of time. Finally wash the emulsion to remove the dissolved unexposed silver salt as well as all the fixer residue. Chemical Safety scphoto.com/html/chemicals.html It is noted that persons working in the department today and persons who have worked in the department before are not made aware of some of the chemical composition and their hazards. Long hours are spent in the lab with the pungent odour. The author will examine the systems in place to effectively minimize and control the inhalation of chemicals. 1.1 JUSTIFICATION/ RATIONALE This research provides for an investigation into the reasons, why the Police Photographers are not sensitized to the hazards and risks they are prone to daily. What the effects of the various hazards pose when they are not prepared; and what makes them most vulnerable than their peers. The photography department consists of Forty four persons inclucive of men and women Police officers whose services are shared throughout the country inclusive of Tobago Division. They are also called upon to provide service by the various branches and sections within the Police Service. The photography department of the Northern Division has an office space which measures 6 feet by 13 feet in size, and contains three office desks a refrigerator, two filing cabinets and one overhead cupboard. The dark room area measures 6 feet by 9 feet, has a counter 4 ½ feet in height by 3 feet in length, a sink, a photographic enlarger and two filing cabinets. The dark room is situated nearby (at the back of the office), this area is where the negatives and the printing of photographs are done. The close proximity of the dark room where chemicals are being used emits a pungent odour into the office area. The photographers work in the scented office over a long period of time as such, they are immune to the scent. A vague awareness becomes evident when other fellow officers visit the office and remarks are made about the scent to which the photographers are oblivious to. The hazards and risk of injuries can be attributed to a number of factors such as: Physical hazards Injury, as a result of accidental contact, spillage, or inhalation of darkroom chemicals. Slips, trips, and falls, cramped spaces, surfaces made slippery by spilled liquids and the movement of heavy tripod. Chemical hazards Exposure to a wide variety of photographic chemicals and their vapours and fumes Ergonomic Eye strain as a result of moving frequently from the dark or semi-dark into strong light. Increase in crimes means frequent visits to crime scenes which in turn, mean long hours in the dark room. The officers have not yet experienced any major disaster or injury, however; subtle changes have been noticed, mentioned and simply brushed aside. This study is appropriate to generate findings which should result in the implementation of Administrative and Engineering Controls. The Police Photography Department is of paramount importance, it is imperative that the working conditions and the health and safety of the photographers be looked into. Section 6 (1) (12) of the OSH Act 2006 it shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the safety and health and welfare at work of all his employees. 1.2 AIMS To determine the risks and hazards associated with working in the Police Photography Laboratory in Trinidad and Tobago. 1.3 OBJECTIVES The objective of this study is to determine the following: To determine the level of volatile organic compounds present in the working environment. To determine the adverse health effects associated with exposure to the VOCs To ascertain whether there are systems in place to deal with exposures and disposal of chemicals. To determine compliance with OSH Act of No 3 of 2006 and compare other legislations and regulations. 1.4 METHODOLOGY A research was conducted in order to obtain the literature on the relevant title Questionnaires will be distributed within the department as it relates to the project Multirae tester will be used to measure the Voc, Ammonia Sulpha Dioxide and Oxygen levels. 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted as gases from certain solids or liquids. VOCs include a variety of chemicals, some of which may have short- and long-term adverse health effects. Concentrations of many VOCs are consistently higher indoors (up to ten times higher) than outdoors. VOCs are emitted by a wide array of products numbering in the thousands. Examples include: paints and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning supplies, pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper, graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions. www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html Toxicity of substances Toxicity is the ability of a substance to produce injury once it reaches a site on or in the body. The degree or harmful effect which a substance can have depends on the inherent harmful properties and the route and speed of entry in the body. Exposure may be short term (acute effect) or after long or repeated exposure (chronic effect). (Holt, St John Allan) What makes the substance toxic is the quantity, concentration, duration of exposure, the physical state of the material its affinity for human tissue and sensitivity to attack human tissue or organs. Routes of entry How do hazardous agents get into the body? The diagram of the human body below illustrates the effects when it is exposed to the outside world through a variety of surfaces. These include the skin, lungs, nose, mouth and the digestive, urinary, and genital tracts. Hazardous agents (e.g. chemicals and micro-organisms such as bacteria and viruses) can get into the body through any of these surfaces. The most common routes of entry are: (a) through the lungs (inhalation) (b) through the skin (absorption) (c) through the mouth (ingestion). http://actrav.itcilo.org/ http://actrav.itcilo.org/actrav-english/telearn/osh/body/body1.gif actrav.itcilo.org Health Effects There are several factors from Particulate Matter that contribute to adverse health effect s. According to World Health Organization (WHO) PM affects more people than any other pollutant. The major components of PM are sulfate, nitrates, ammonia, sodium chloride, carbon, mineral dust and water. It consists of a complex mixture of solid and liquid particles of organic and inorganic substances suspended in the air. The particles are identified according to their aerodynamic diameter, as either PM10 (particles with an aerodynamic diameter smaller than 10  µm) or PM2.5 (aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5  µm). The latter are more dangerous since, when inhaled, they may reach the peripheral regions of the bronchioles, and interfere with gas exchange inside the lungs. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/index.html The Environmental Protection Agency discusses the ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly toxic, to those with no known health effect. As with other pollutants, the extent and nature of the health effect will depend on many factors including level of exposure and length of time exposed. Eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment are among the immediate symptoms that some people have experienced soon after exposure to some organicsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Many organic compounds are known to cause cancer in animals; some are suspected of causing, or are known to cause, cancer in humans. Eye, nose, and throat irritation; headaches, loss of coordination, nausea; damage to liver, kidney, and central nervous system. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea, declines in seru m cholinesterase levels, nausea, emesis, epistaxis, fatigue, dizziness. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/voc.html body6.gif (328222 bytes) The following are recommend revised limits for the concentration of selected air pollutants on Particulate matter from WHO 2005 Air Quality Guidelines : Guideline values PM2.5 10 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 annual mean 25 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 24-hour mean PM10 20 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 annual mean 50 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 24-hour mean Ozone (O3) Guideline values O3 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 8-hour mean The previously recommended limit, which was fixed at 120 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 8-hour mean, has been reduced to 100 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 based on recent conclusive associations between daily mortality and ozone levels occurring at ozone concentrations below 120  µg/m3. Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) Guideline values NO2 40 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 annual mean 200 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 1-hour mean The current WHO guideline value of 40  µg/m3 (annual mean) set to protect the public from the health effects of gaseous NO2 remains unchanged from the level recommended in the previous AQGs. Sulfur dioxide (SO2) Guideline values SO2 20 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 24-hour mean 500 ÃŽÂ ¼g/m3 10-minute mean A SO2 concentration of 500  µg/m3 should not be exceeded over average periods of 10 minutes duration. Studies indicate that a proportion of people with asthma experience changes in pulmonary function and respiratory symptoms after periods of exposure to SO2 as short as 10 min EXPOSURE LIMITS The airborne exposure limits established by OSHA include: Permissible Exposure Limit (PEL): The allowable limit that is representative of a workers exposure, averaged over an 8-hour day. Short-term Exposure Limit (STEL): The allowable limit that is representative of a workers exposure, averaged over 15 minutes. ACGIH is a professional organization whose members work within the government or academia. This organization annually publishes a booklet entitled Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices (BEIs). ACGIH TLVs are exposure guidelines and do not have the effect of law. These values change in response to new data and are usually more rapidly updated than OSHA limits.The Threshold Limit Value (TLV) refers to airborne concentrations of substances and represents conditions under which it is believed that nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed day after day without adverse health effects. The ACGIH TLVs include: Threshold Limit Value-Time- Weighted Average (TLV-TWA): The time-weighted average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40- hour work week, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse effect. http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/oel.pdf Disposal of Chemicals According to the University of Florida disposal procedures of darkrooms photo chemicals with a pH of less than or equal to 2 or greater than or equal to 12.5 can be disposed of down the drain. Therefore, developer (alkaline) and stop bath (acidic) may be combined in a container (with good ventilation) to neutralize the solutions (pH 7) and make it nonhazardous. Then the combined solution can be disposed of down the sink. Fixers cannot be placed down the sink because of silver and other heavy metals content. These chemicals can be combined into one container and must have a Hazardous Waste Label on it. All unused, concentrated photographic materials must be handled by EHS as a hazardous waste. Photographers should never put any hazardous (or even potentially hazardous) materials down the drain without explicit permission According to Michael McCann the disposal of old or unused concentrated photographic chemical solutions, developer, stop baths, fixing baths, and other solutions should be treated as hazardous waste. To dispose of photographic wastes, label them with a hazardous waste tag, store them in secondary containment and submit a waste pickup request. Fixers contain some silver, which must be treated or recovered before it can be disposed of. There are two options available for recycling this material: Have a commercial company service your photographic needs (typically keeping your developer and fixer stocked and your waste removed), or have EHS collect the waste. EHS is permitted to treat. It is important to remember that when handling fixers, developer, or other photographic products that proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) be worn at all times. Kodak literature on Disposal of Processing Wastes guidelines are to direct discharge of untreated processing effluents to receiving water, or to surface drains or storm sewers that discharge directly to receiving waters, is not recommended or lawful. Septic tanks are biological systems, but are not recommended for disposal of photographic processing wastes. Septic tanks may not degrade wastes sufficiently. They are generally designed for small volumes, produce odorous products, cannot be installed in all locations, and may contaminate ground waters. Aerated lagoons have been used successfully by some processors to pre-treat their wastes to lower the oxygen demand before discharging them into a municipal treatment system. The University of Florida, Michael McCann and Kodak Literature in their research all agreed that photochemical disposal should be treated as hazardous waste. Hazardous waste or even potentially hazardous materials should never be poured down the drain. The University of Florida labels the hazardous waste and Contacts the Environmental Health and Safety Department who is permitted to treat hazardous waste. Both, The University of Florida and Michael McCann suggest the services of the EHS department. Kodak in their findings suggests an aerated lagoon. Hazard pictograms GHS The following labels are found on the packages of the fixer, and developers.For the labelling based on the Regulation (EC) No 1272/2008 (CLP Regulation, GHS), the following hazard pictograms have to be used according to the classification of the substances or preparations (mixtures). http://www.bag.admin.ch/anmeldestelle/00933/12871/index.html?lang=enimage=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCKeIR_fWym162bpYbqjKbNpJyZlq7p Pictogram GHS05 Symbol: corrosion Hazard class and hazard category Corrosive to metals, hazard category 1 Skin corrosion, hazard categories 1A, 1B, 1C Serious eye damage, hazard category 1 http://www.bag.admin.ch/anmeldestelle/00933/12871/index.html?lang=enimage=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCKeIR_g2ym162bpYbqjKbNpJyZlq7p Pictogram GHS06 Symbol: skull and crossbones Hazard class and hazard category http://www.bag.admin.ch/anmeldestelle/00933/12871/index.html?lang=enimage=NHzLpZeg7t,lnp6I0NTU042l2Z6ln1ad1IZn4Z2qZpnO2Yuq2Z6gpJCKeXt2g2ym162bpYbqjKbNpJyZlq7p Pictogram GHS09 Symbol: environment Hazard class and hazard category Hazardous to the aquatic environment Acute hazard category 1 Chronic hazard categories 1, 2 http://www.bag.admin.ch 3.0 Hierachy of Control Measures While systems of control should be as effective as it is practicable to make them, it is desirable to have some guide to which the efficiency of control can be related For each substance a figure of concentration in atmosphere is given. If this concentration is exceeded, further action is necessary to achieve satisfactory working conditions (MoL, 1960) Authors emphasis {pg 12} http://www.hse.gov.uk/coshh/oel.pdf The following control measures should be utilize to reduce exposure levels to (as low as reasonable practicable ) ALARP 3.1 1. Elimination The best way to control a hazard is to eliminate it and remove the danger. This can be done by changing a work process in a way that will get rid of a hazard; substituting a non-toxic chemical for a toxic substance; having workers perform tasks at ground level rather than working at heights. 2. Substitution The second best way to control a hazard is to substitute something else in its place that would be non-hazardous or less hazardous to workers. For example, a non-toxic (or less toxic) chemical could be substituted for a hazardous one. Isolation and enclosure of the process can be achieved by the use of physical barriers, or by relocation of processes and/or facilities. Local exhaust Ventilation (LEV is achieved by trapping the contaminant close to its source, and removing it directly by purpose built ventilation prior to its entry into the breathing zone of the operator or the atmosphere. LEV have four parts: Hood, Ducting, Air purifying device eg charcoal filtrs to prevent further pollution and Fans to move air through the system. The efficiency of LEV is affected by draughts capture hood design and dimensions, air velocityachieved and distance of capture point from source. General or Dilution Ventilation uses natural air movement through open doors or assisted ventilation by roof fans, or blowers to dilute the contaminant. It should only be considered if; There is a small quantity of contaminant. The contaminant is produced uniformly in the area. The contaminant material is of low toxicity. Housekeeping lessens the likelihood of accidental contact with a contaminant. It includes measures to anticipate and handle spillages and leaks of materials, and minimize quantities in open use. Reduced exposure time to a contaminant may be appropriate, provided that the possible harmful effect of the dose rate is taken into account, i.e high levels of exposure for short periods of time may be damaging. Training should emphasise the importance of using the control measures provided, and give an explanation of the nature of the hazard which may be present together with the precautions which individuals need to take. Personal Protective Equipment and Clothing may be used where it is possible to reduce the risk of injury sufficiently using the above control strategies. In that case suitable protective equipment must be used. http://t3.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcT8a2gMMIEgccZST4or753KegN5brXR6Kenuv4NRA9Y2UnB8qXw designconsiderationsfig7.gif sebastiandarkroom.com http://ts1.mm.bing.net/th?id=I.4506898942199372pid=15.1 gloves give your hands protection lab coat to protect your clothing condrenrails.com According to literature from Hawaii art photography 2006 handout, which deals with safe and healthful Dark room practices, states that the hazards of the Developer and the Fixer are skin and eye irritants. They can cause allergic reaction and allergic sensitivity, especially hazardous in the stock mixing stage. The precautions given are: To mix stock solutions wear goggles, gloves and respirator or dust mask. Use gloves when mixing working solutions. Avoid skin contact with powders and solution. Concentrate is highly toxic by skin contact, inhalation or ingestion. Continued inhalation of working solution can cause severe sinusitis and bronchitis. http://www.hawaii.edu In the literature from Photographic Processing Hazards by Michael McCann, Ph.D., C.I.H states that the Developer solutions and powders are often highly alkaline, and glacial acetic acid, used in making the stop bath, is also corrosive by skin contact, inhalation and ingestion. Developer powders are highly toxic by inhalation and moderately toxic by skin contact, due to the alkali and developers themselves. The developers may cause methemoglobinemia, an acute anaemia resulting from converting the iron of haemoglobin into a form that cannot transport oxygen. Fatalities and severe poisonings have resulted from ingestion of concentrated developer solutions. The precautions are to use liquid chemistry whenever possible, rather than mixing developing powders. Pregnant women, in particular, should not be exposed to powdered developer. When mixing powdered developers, use a glove box (a cardboard box with glass or plexiglas top, and two holes in the sides for hands and arms), local exhaust ventilation, or wear a NIOSH-approved toxic dust respirator. In any case, there should be dilution ventilation (e.g. window exhaust fan) if no local exhaust ventilation is provided. Wear gloves, goggles and protective apron when mixing concentrated photo chemicals. An eyewash fo untain and emergency shower facilities should be available. Fixing baths contain sodium thiosulphate (hypo) as the fixing agent, and sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite as a preservative. Fixing baths also may also contain alum (potassium aluminium sulphate) as a hardener and boric acid as a buffer. www.trueart.info/photography.htm The University of Florida literature on photographic materials; safety issues and procedures outlines that the developer solutions and powders are often highly alkaline and are moderately to highly toxic. They are also sources of the most common health problems in photography; skin disorders and allergies. Developers are skin and eye irritants and many are strong allergic sensitizers. Some common ingredients in developers are hydroquinone and sodium sulphite. Hydroquinone can cause de pigmentation and eye injury after five or more years of repeated exposure, it is also a mutagen. Sodium sulphite decomposes to produce sulphur dioxide (a toxic gas), when heated or allowed to stand for a long time in water or acid. Precautions are to ensure good ventilation of the darkroom. At least, 10 air changes per hour. Wear gloves and goggles. If a splash occurs, flush affected areas (15-20 minutes for eyes) immediately with water using an eyewash or safety shower. Solutions are should be covered when not in use to prevent evaporation or release of toxic vapours and gases. Fixer contains sodium thiosulphate, sodium sulphite and sodium bisulphite. It may also contain potassium aluminium sulphate as a hardener and boric acid as a buffer. Fixer solutions slowly release sulphur dioxide gas as they age. However, when these solutions are contaminated with acid from the stop bath, the gas sulphur dioxide is released at a more rapid rate. http://www.ehs.ufl.edu The use of Personal Protective Equipment is of great importance to the three institutions. The researchers found in their findings and agreed that the Developer and Fixer that is used in the photography lab are highly toxic and are skin and eye irritants. They all emphasize goggles and gloves, eye wash fountains and emergency showers. Michael McCann included the use of an apron while mixing chemicals. Michael McCann and the University of Florida go in-depth into the various chemical compositions and the danger they pose. There was a slight variation on the type of ventilation system which should be installed; however, the important factor here is that one should be place. He also added information on mixing powdered developers in a glove box. Precautions given are to wear goggles, gloves and respirator or dust mask. According to Kodak guidelines on the safe handling of processing chemicals, all chemicals have MSDS. MSDSs are provided for customers for all photographic processing chemicals which are clearly outlined: Photographic processing facilities are required by OSHA to have MSDSs for all hazardous chemicals. MSDSs provide detailed information about each product. Information included in MSDSs is outlined in the following categories: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ chemical and manufacturer identification à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ composition/ingredients à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ hazard identification à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ first-aid measures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ fire-fighting measures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ accidental release measures à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ handling and storage The University of Florida outlines storage handling and general housekeeping which is documented in the updated MSDS on all chemicals used in the developing of film. These sheets must be kept in a binder and be available at all times. Keep the darkroom and other work areas uncluttered and eliminate trip hazards by not storing items on the floor. Wet and dry areas should be clearly separated. Liquid chemicals are to be stored off the floor, by compatibility and below shoulder height. Do not eat, smoke or drink in the storage room, darkroom or studio. The darkroom should be well ventilated with 10 to 20 air changes per hour. Using a pre-made liquid developer is safer than mixing powdered developers. If powdered chemicals must be mixed, do so in a fume hood or glove box. All darkrooms should have eyewash stations that connect to the water supply and use hands-free operation. Pregnant women, in particular, should not be exposed to powdered developer. Store concentrated acids and other co rrosive chemicals on low shelves so as to reduce the chance of face or eye damage in case of breakage and splashing. Kodak literature on photo chemicals safety, storage and general housekeeping alerts DO NOT store chemicals where you handle or store food. DO NOT eat, drink, or smoke in chemical-handling areas. Always wash your hands thoroughly after handling chemicals, especially before eating or drinking. Store corrosive materials away from any materials with which they may react, and away from other incompatible materials. See the stability and reactivity section on the MSDS for more information. The researcher found that The University of Florida notes that pregnant women, in particular, should not be exposed to powdered developers. Michael McCann also noted this hazard of the developer in his findi
Saturday, July 20, 2019
Carnal Knowledge by Boyle Essay -- Carnal Knowledge Boyle Essays Paper
Carnal Knowledge by Boyle In the story â€Å"Carnal Knowledge†, by T. Coraghessan Boyle, Jim is the main character who loves to eat meat. He would love nothing more than to enjoy a dinner of â€Å"Beef, mutton, pork, venison, dripping burgers, and greasy ribs†. (1107) However, Jim’s cravings for â€Å"Kentucky Fried or Chicken McNuggets†were no match for Alena Jorgensen. (1108) Alena is an obsessive animal rights activist whom Jim met while laying on the beach feeling sorry for himself. When a person has feelings of depression and loneliness it can be very easy for another person to come into their life and change their whole persona. Jim had just turned 30 and was feeling depressed for not having anyone in his life. After dozing on the beach awhile Jim awoke to an â€Å"unmistakable odor†, he’d been pissed on.(1108) He first heard Alena’s voice after cursing the dog. Alena is a very attractive girl and Jim fell for her immediately. Alena and Jim left the beach to go clean the piss off his clothes at Alena’s house. While waiting for the clothes to dry, they began a conversation about animal rights. Animal rights are a huge issue in Alena’s life. Jim never paid much attention to the issue but because of Alena’s beauty and kindness he was willing to listen. Jim’s feeling of loneliness has a big impact on his view of Alena. If Jim met another girl that day on the beach, and who was not as attractive he would have acted very different. Jim was very vulnerable at that moment and needed som... Carnal Knowledge by Boyle Essay -- Carnal Knowledge Boyle Essays Paper Carnal Knowledge by Boyle In the story â€Å"Carnal Knowledge†, by T. Coraghessan Boyle, Jim is the main character who loves to eat meat. He would love nothing more than to enjoy a dinner of â€Å"Beef, mutton, pork, venison, dripping burgers, and greasy ribs†. (1107) However, Jim’s cravings for â€Å"Kentucky Fried or Chicken McNuggets†were no match for Alena Jorgensen. (1108) Alena is an obsessive animal rights activist whom Jim met while laying on the beach feeling sorry for himself. When a person has feelings of depression and loneliness it can be very easy for another person to come into their life and change their whole persona. Jim had just turned 30 and was feeling depressed for not having anyone in his life. After dozing on the beach awhile Jim awoke to an â€Å"unmistakable odor†, he’d been pissed on.(1108) He first heard Alena’s voice after cursing the dog. Alena is a very attractive girl and Jim fell for her immediately. Alena and Jim left the beach to go clean the piss off his clothes at Alena’s house. While waiting for the clothes to dry, they began a conversation about animal rights. Animal rights are a huge issue in Alena’s life. Jim never paid much attention to the issue but because of Alena’s beauty and kindness he was willing to listen. Jim’s feeling of loneliness has a big impact on his view of Alena. If Jim met another girl that day on the beach, and who was not as attractive he would have acted very different. Jim was very vulnerable at that moment and needed som...
Friday, July 19, 2019
Mother Daughter Relationships - Daughter Pushed to the Brink in Amy Tan
A Daughter Pushed to the Brink in Joy Luck Club    In Amy Tan's novel, Joy Luck Club, the mother of Jing-mei recognizes only two kinds of daughters: those that are obedient and those that follow their own mind. Perhaps the reader of this novel may recognize only two types of mothers: pushy mothers and patient mothers. The two songs, "Pleading Child" and "Perfectly Contented," which the daughter plays, reinforce the underlying tension in the novel. These songs represent the feelings that the daughter, Jing-mei, has had throughout her life. The mother in this novel is pushy. She wants her daughter to become a child prodigy so badly she can practically taste it. She makes Jing-mei perform tests out of magazines to see if she could by some chance be one of those extraordinary children they are always reading about and watching on TV. Jing-mei has no interest in becoming a child prodigy; eventually gives up on these tests, and hence her mother gives up on them, too. The mother also pushed Jing-mei to try and be something she wasn't in the way of looks. After watching Shirley Temple on TV, Jing-mei's mother took her down to the beauty training school so she could get her hair cut to look like a Chinese Shirley Temple. Well, like the tests, the haircut failed too. She ended up with an uneven, Peter Pan looking haircut. Jing-mei's mother said that she now "looked like Negro Chinese" as if it was her fault her hair ended up the way it did (Tan 1208). After the first two attempts to make her daughter into a child prodigy, the mother is just about to give up on the idea that her daughter can be better than what she already is, when her last idea hits her. She was watching the Ed Sullivan show, when she saw a girl playin... ...ause her mother pushed her to hard to do things that she simply did not want to do. If her mother had just been a little more relaxed and not so caught up in her daughter becoming a child prodigy, then they would have had a better relationship. If parents push their children to do something they do not want to do, they may end up, like Jing-mei's mother, paying for it.  Works Cited and Consulted: Ghymn, Ester. Images of Asian American Women by Asian American Women Writers. vol. 1. NY: Peter Lang 1995. Souris, Stephen. "'Only Two Kinds of Daughters:'" Inter-Monologue Dialogicity in The Joy Luck Club." Melus 19.2 (Summer 1994):99-123. Tan, Amy. The Joy Luck Club. Vintage Contemporaries. New York: A Division of Random House, Inc. 1993. Willard, Nancy. Asian American Women Writers. Ed. Harold Bloom. Chelsea House Publishers, Philadelphia 1997.
Free Essay: Metaphors in Sonnet 73 :: Sonnet essays
Metaphors in Sonnet 73 Â "Sonnet 73" by William Shakespeare contains many metaphors to form a descriptive image. Shakespeare used conceits, which are "fanciful extended metaphors" (567), used in love poems of earlier centuries. Shakespeare used these beautifully in "Sonnet 73." A metaphor is a "brief, compressed comparison that talks about one thing as if it were another" (554). Shakespeare expresses three major metaphors in this sonnet. The first is about age, the second about death, and of course, love follows. These three metaphors create an enjoyable poem. The first metahphor that Shakespeare uses is that of a tree in the fall. He compares himself to the tree by saying 'That time of year thou mayst in me behold when yellow leaves, or none, or few, do hang upon those boughs which shake against the cold". Shakespeare compares his aging self to the aging tree. Just as the tree is losing its' leaves, Shakespeare could be losing his hair. Just as the tree is getting brittle, Shakespears bones are getting old and feeble. Most importantly, Shakespeare doesn't say that he is actually going through this downfall, but that his lover percieves it in him. Another metaphor in this sonnet is the comparison of death to nightfall, "In me thou seest the twilight of such day" (568). He continues, "Which by and by black night doth take away, death's second self, that seals up all rest" (568). Shakespeare perfectly describes death as the fading of a bright day to a dark black night. The third, and final, metaphor is when Shakespeare is comparing himself to the fire. Shakespeare beautifully states, "In me thou seest the glowing of such fire that on the ashes of his youth lie, as the deathbed whereon it must expire, consumed with that which it was nourished by" (568). . As the fire is dying so is Shakespeare. Â In conclusion, Shakespeare combines these three ideas in a two line follow-up, "This thou perceivest, which makes thy love more strong, to love that well which thou must leave ere long" (568). In this he relates all three objects, aging, death, and love, to each other. He is saying that one must enjoy love when he has it because it soon grows old and must die. He is also making the point that his lover is a good person for staying with him in his old age.
Thursday, July 18, 2019
Gender Roles in fairytales
Reflective Response: Analyzing Gender Roles Gender Bias is still very evident in our society and I believe it is also still present in Fairy tales. Despite how far we've come in equality between genders, children's fairy tales still tend to advertise the gender bias and stereotypes set upon men and women. Many of these stories depict their male heroes as powerful, tough, and dominant, and their female counterparts as selflessly dedicated and submissive damsels in distress. Children absorb these messages from a very young age, through their exposure to fairy tales in media such as storybooks, children's films andTV shows. These messages give them the impression that the only way to be happy is to fulfill the traits of the ideal male/female figure. Little girls frequently dream of becoming the beautiful princesses while little boys strive to be the mighty brave knights, warriors and fighters. Many stereotypes appear in Disney movies, for example Cinderella displays apparent gender bias , stereotypes and discrimination. This movie shows the classic storyline; the courageous, fearless prince charming saves the helpless weak princess from doom.Cinderella is characterized as a tender earted girl who passively accepts her fate which is to live with her evil step-mother and step-sisters. Her life doesn't change until prince charming takes an interest in her and swoops in to save her from her miserable life by becoming not only her one true love, but also her sole provider. This is an evident example of Disney portraying women as weak and docile. Cinderella does not stand up for herself but has to wait for a man to do it for her. This stereotypical storyline teaches young children how they must be to be accepted in society; boys must be strong, girls must be weak.This kind of message is engrained into young girl's minds that they have no control over their lives and must wait for a strong male fgure to save them. These tales teach girls to be passive and dependant becaus e any female characters that break these norms are depicted as an evil. If a woman is strong, independent and speaks her mind (stereotypical male traits), she is seen as nothing but obnoxious or a â€Å"bitch†. Not only are girls affected by these gender stereotypes throughout fairy tales but boys are taught to be the leader, to be strong, emotionless and aggressive giving many young oys aggression problems later in life.These stereotypes give men the impression girls are weak and need some sort of saviour in their life leading them to treat women like they are doing them a favor by simply being with them. All these images help to construct a cultural norm of male dominance. The depiction of forceful and aggressive men and tender and loving women teaches children that these are the norms of society and this is how you should act, when in reality you can be any of these traits no matter what gender. Gender Roles in fairytales By frankiem29
Wednesday, July 17, 2019
HCS 483 Final project: health care robots Essay
Types and Uses of health C atomic number 18 Robots health C ar Information SystemsHCS 483September 08, 2013Types and Uses of Health C be RobotsHealth commission golems are exciting advancements in health cautiousness delivery by providers. The future of robots in health is declare and the different types of robots are growing. use robots helps the providers give better care to their forbearings and using robots behind the scenes for more true delivery of care as well. operative robotsThe da Vinci is trustworthyly the most know surgical robot. It is the only surgical robot available for commercial use. The da Vinci robot is in use for gynecological, prostate, and cardiac surgeries. The da Vinci allows the operating surgeon to work from a computerized workstation across the room from where the patient is prepped on the operating(a) table. The surgeon maneuvers the robotic arms to perform the surgeries. Using the da Vinci eliminates the natural hand chill that surgeons have through the software in the computer administration created specifically for that function.genus Penelope has been developed at Columbia University by general surgeon Dr. Michael Treat with support from the US Armys Telemedicine and applied science Research Center, in Fort Detrick, MD (Schimpff, 2013, p. 1). Penelope is not currently in use but is a promising robot on the health care horizon. Dr. Michael Treat created Penelope to replace the current surgical attentionant that hands the surgeon instruments during surgery. Penelope is equipped with electromagnetic grippers that allows for pick out up the instruments the surgeon needs. Penelope arranges the instruments for the procedure, recognizes translator commands, and verbally can respond pole to the surgeon. Pharmacy robotsPharmacy robots currently are in use for dispensing medicines. The usesare salutary to the entire hospital cater by reducing medication errors, tell aparts are entered in by the physicians using co mputerized physician order entry (CPOE), and charging the cost of the medication to the patients account. The ROBOT-RX is currently in use in 34 states around the country. The ROBOT-Rx automated medication dispensing system prevents medication errors, reduces pharmacy labor, and lowers drug inventory. The hospital pharmacy robot automates medication storage, selection, return, restock, and crediting functions for 90 percent or more of a hospitals daily medication volume (ROBOT-RX, 2013, p. 1). Telemedicine robotsRemote Presence practical(prenominal) + Independent Telemedicine Assistant (RP-VITA) is use to assist physicians who are not on-site when a critical patient is admitted to the hospital. The robot is used to connect the off-site physician to the bedside of the patient to assess the patient and give orders to the staff for tests and medications needed for immediate care. Especially serviceable in the immediate care of cuff patients in the emergency department when sentence is crucial for the delivery of medicines. If the physician is off-site or across the hospital fortune other patients, the RP-VITA allows for faster face-to-face solution between the physician and the patient. ReferencesImproves patient asylum and process efficiency with robotic medication dispensing. (2013). Retrieved from http//www.mckesson.com/pharmacies/hospital-and-health-system/ yardbird/pharmacy-automation/robot-rx/ Schimpff, S. C. (2013). Robotics can revolutionize the delivery of medical checkup care. Retrieved from http//www.kevinmd.com/blog/2012/01/robotics-revolutionize-delivery-medical-care.html
Tuesday, July 16, 2019
Adapting to Change
Adapting to Change
It is crucial to know a couple of things about how people react to alter and learn some strategies for assisting individuals throughout the change to handle social change in a company.Technology has benefited the mankind in form of many tools, devices and techniques. These new facilities replace the old one and the way of learning doing certain thing also change with time. Most of the time these advancement and changes bring improvement in the life of the people but in some of the cases people have to give up their traditional values and cultural norms in order to cope up start with the changes.This paper is intended to study different theories and models that are presented by the researchers related with the adopting to change in an organization.Changes could be the hardest to adjust to.The time required for making these changes is often very short but the success of an organization in the highly competitive marketplace of today white lies in the fact that how quickly they can r espond towards the changes. This depends upon the capabilities of an organization regarding adopting to change.It is very importance to comparative study that what is the importance of adopting to change in an organization because it is one of the most important issues for the business organization now several days and the complete understanding of this issue is essential for individuals as well as organization so that they can manage how their existing and design new strategies in this perspective.Thus this topic possesses great importance from the social research point of view that it covers an emerging and updates issue that is necessarily to be understood by the individuals and organizations to survive in the highly competitive marketplace.
Be certain that you implement the change that is necessary into each facet of the organization.1.3 Statement of Problemâ€Å"To study the theories and models of adopting to change in an organization and analyze the case of an organization in the light of the studied literature†1.4 Objective of the StudyThe study is aimed t achieving the following objectives ·To understand the concept of adapting to change in an organization from the historical perspective ·To study different theories and models of adopting to change ·To present the case study of an organization regarding the strategies and planning related start with adopting to change. 2.In reality, it is almost a workplace constant. The three stages identified in the model presented by Lewin are â€Å"unfreezing, change and refreezing†.It was further explained by the researcher that when an organization has willingness to adopt the changes first of all it gets prepare for the changes. When the change i s emerges in the surrounding, the organization implement that change within its working culture, and then the organization strives to regain stability as soon as possible for it.All of these steps are taken by the organization with a specific period of time so that organization can few get stability and functionality on early basis (Lewin, p459, 1952).
Transition can occur quickly or gradually.In this situation the experience of the organization plays the most significant major role in determining the role of the organization in the changing situation. Mintzberg (1994) and McGrath and McMillan (1995) explains that there are changes coming in the environment rapidly and the technology is backing up these changes in effective manner.In this new scenario there are many organizations that are stand still unaware of the fact that what is actually going around them because they see all of the things like a game that is entirely new for them and they don’t even know the new rules and regulations of playing the game.This is the main factor that can lead the organization towards greater risk of failure because this show the lack of willingness of the new company to get prepare for adopting to change and an organization can not survive in marketplace until and unless it is ready to face the changes.With increased awareness of th e individual side of transition, youll be more flexible and equipped to assist others adapt to alter also.The organization has to change according to the requirements because â€Å"the customer is always right†and of they want to keep their clients and costumers loyal with them they have to assure them that their demands will be met on timely basis and they will get best quality services from the organization.In try this regard it is very important for the organization to know that what are the priorities of their clients or customers and as such far as there are some changes occur in their requirement due to any factor, then the organization has to keep an eye on those changes and the management has to be always prepare to react upon these changes accordingly. Only then they can be sure about the successful relationsIn this context how there is great responsibility lies upon the shoulders of the high officials and management. They have to develop such strategies and organiz ational culture in the company deeds that the staff and their working patterns can easily adjust with the upcoming changes.
No 2 people manage stress just the exact same way.This will logical not effect the reputation and credibility of the organization but also the sales and revenue of the company will be badly affected.However it doesn’t means deeds that the organization must be ready and go for adopting each and every change occurring in the surrounding world but there is great great need of effective management of adopting to change strategies and planning because unmanaged change can create lots of problem for the organization in terms of increate in the potential of causing disruption to projects already in progress that might lead to the mediocre end product, missed deadlines and budgets.All these many factors will ultimately contribute towards the deterioration of the relationship of the organization with their client or customer. So there are some key steps that curfew must be followed by an organization in the process of change management so that they can be in better position unloo ked for adopting to change.Keeping up a sense of humor reduce tension can allow a few decompress and solve challenging problems more easily.Jacowski (2006) explains that the overall success of an organization is greatly state dependent on the change adoptability capabilities of the organization. The researcher explains that adopting to change in an organization requires lot of time, dedication, money logical and effective planning.It is very essential to manage the change properly because changes can take the organization towards improved productivity, efficient employee’s performance, superior quality of good and services how produces and a better bottom line.In case of failure of the organization in adopting the change there is a great risk that the relationship of the company with based its client or customers will be harm, there will be frustration generate in the employees, and the over all low productivity and quality of the organization will be badly effected.
The ability is a significant quality for each one of us.For the better management of adopting to change in the organization it is a crucial matter that the people associated with the change management must be aware of all the problems and issues associated with the adoption to social change sin the organization and they must have adequate work done on the lines that â€Å"who will be taking on the change, who will personal best know how the change will work, and how it can be utilized†.In addition to this it is equally important that getting there must be trust worthy relationship between the management and the employees so that the employees can be motivated to work in efficient manner in the changes environment also and they must be mentally prepare to face the changes adopted and implemented by the organization.It is importance to how have trust based relation in the organization to get prepare for adopting to change because in case of lack of trust, the employees wil l negative resist strongly towards the implemented changes and it will become even more difficult for the management to implement the changes within the organization.Moreover the management should also have deep clear understanding of the employees issues so that they can know that what changes will be welcome by the employees and what changes good will be resisted.Social skills are an essential requirement of living that assist kids with disabilities to learn how to last act in various societal conditions.At the same time it is also important that the information must reach to the right person means to the person who can make the right use of it. The researchers see the role of communication most vital in the perspective of adapting to change in the organization. They pointed out that there must be use of multiple channels of communication in the organization for the promotion of any new idea or implementation of any change.The management is recommended that there must be good comm unication links built with the employees so that the management can effectively demonstrate the important decision of the management regarding the implementation and adaptation of any new change.
Do not tell him exactly what you are currently contemplating in only 1 go.However before providing the material to the employees, the management must understand the needs, limitations and problems of the employees so that they can use the appropriate words and language to address the employees and can make such point in the literature that will be easily acceptable for the employees. Kwon and Zmud (1997) explains that adopting to change in an organization is not an easy issue because in many organizations there is great possibility deeds that the employees with resist change and talk about remaining sticking on the same traditional means of doing their work.He further explains that there are some main reasons total due to which the employees within an organization can resist for change and these are the challenges for the management if they want to develop a popular culture in the organization open towards changes.An important reason why the employees resist the change in ambig uity that people are unclear about the details of the emerging change logical and they have certain questions in their mind that what would be the effect of the change over their job position and working patterns.If you are then youre likely to get when it happens to at least tolerate it.Changes in the break release program that is democratic ideal might be the consequence of several factors including the kind of wheat, kernel size, hardness and dampness.
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